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By England's Aid
By England's Aid

Chapter XXII · Chapter 22

Chapter 22 of By England's Aid is here in full — 128 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/25 · 5 lines
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THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.
Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.
The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.
To the south the country was intersected by a network of canals.
The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

By England's Aid

Chapter XXII · Chapter 22

Chapter 22 of By England's Aid is here in full — 128 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/25 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.
Line 2
Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.
Line 3
The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.
/ðə sænd hɪlz bɪˈtwiːn ɪt ənd ðə siː wɜːr kʌt θruː ənd ðə ˈwɔːtər fɪld ðə ˈdɪtʃəz ənd sərˈaʊndɪd ðə taʊn/
Line 4
To the south the country was intersected by a network of canals.
/tuː ðə saʊθ ðə ˈkʌntri wɑːz ˌɪntərˈsektɪd baɪ ə ˈnetwɜːrk ʌv kəˈnælz/
Line 5
The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Archduke noun US /ˈɑːrtʃduːk/

a sovereign prince of the former ruling house of Austria

From this reading “THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.”

canals noun US /kəˈnælz/

plural of “canal” — (astronomy) an indistinct surface feature of Mars once thought to be a system of channels; they are now believed to be an optical illusion

From this reading “To the south the country was intersected by a network of canals.”

channels noun US /ˈtʃænəlz/

official routes of communication

From this reading “The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.”

ditches noun US /ˈdɪtʃəz/

plural of “ditch” — a long narrow excavation in the earth

From this reading “Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.”

intersected verb US /ˌɪntərˈsektɪd/

past form of “intersect” — meet at a point

From this reading “To the south the country was intersected by a network of canals.”

network noun US /ˈnetwɜːrk/

an interconnected system of things or people

From this reading “To the south the country was intersected by a network of canals.”

ramparts noun US /ˈræmpɑːrts/

plural of “rampart” — an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes

From this reading “Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.”

rebuilt verb US /riˈbɪlt/

inflected form of “rebuild” — build again

From this reading “Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1601

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

20,000

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

50

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

5th

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading To the south the country was intersected by a network of canals.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

AlbertnounUS /ˈælbərt/

prince consort of Queen Victoria of England (1819-1861)

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

ArchdukenounUS /ˈɑːrtʃduːk/

a sovereign prince of the former ruling house of Austria

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.

broadadjectiveUS /brɔːd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

canalsnounUS /kəˈnælz/

plural of “canal” — (astronomy) an indistinct surface feature of Mars once thought to be a system of channels; they are now believed to be an optical illusion

From this reading To the south the country was intersected by a network of canals.

channelsnounUS /ˈtʃænəlz/

official routes of communication

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

completelyadverbUS /kəmˈpliːtli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

counterscarps

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading To the south the country was intersected by a network of canals.

cutverbUS /kʌt/

separate with or as if with an instrument

From this reading The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.

defendedverbUS /dɪˈfendəd/

past form of “defend” — argue or speak in defense of

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

ditchesnounUS /ˈdɪtʃəz/

plural of “ditch” — a long narrow excavation in the earth

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

eastnounUS /iːst/

the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

eighteenadjectiveUS /eɪˈtiːn/

being one more than seventeen

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

filledadjectiveUS /fɪld/

(usually followed by “with” or used as a combining form) generously supplied with

From this reading The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

fortifiedadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrtəfaɪd/

secured with bastions or fortifications

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

Geule

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

gunsnounUS /ɡʌnz/

plural of “gun” — a weapon that discharges a missile at high velocity (especially from a metal tube or barrel)

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

HavennounUS /ˈheɪvən/

a shelter serving as a place of safety or sanctuary

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

hillsnounUS /hɪlz/

plural of “hill” — a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

intersectedverbUS /ˌɪntərˈsektɪd/

past form of “intersect” — meet at a point

From this reading To the south the country was intersected by a network of canals.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

JulynounUS /ˌdʒuːˈlaɪ/

the month following June and preceding August

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

Leet

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

minglingnounUS /ˈmɪŋɡəlɪŋ/

the action of people mingling and coming into contact

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

networknounUS /ˈnetwɜːrk/

an interconnected system of things or people

From this reading To the south the country was intersected by a network of canals.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

OldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

OSTEND

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

previouslyadverbUS /ˈpriːviəsli/

at an earlier time or formerly

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

rampartsnounUS /ˈræmpɑːrts/

plural of “rampart” — an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

rebuiltverbUS /riˈbɪlt/

inflected form of “rebuild” — build again

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

saltnounUS /sɔːlt/

a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (or a radical that acts like a metal)

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

sandnounUS /sænd/

a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral

From this reading The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

SIEGEnounUS /siːdʒ/

the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

southnounUS /saʊθ/

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading To the south the country was intersected by a network of canals.

surroundedadjectiveUS /sərˈaʊndɪd/

confined on all sides

From this reading The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To the south the country was intersected by a network of canals.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The sand hills between it and the sea were cut through, and the water filled the ditches and surrounded the town.

westnounUS /west/

the countries of (originally) Europe and (now including) North America and South America

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading THE SIEGE OF OSTEND On the 5th of July, 1601, the Archduke Albert began the siege of Ostend with 20,000 men and 50 siege guns.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Ostend had been completely rebuilt and fortified eighteen years previously, and was defended by ramparts, counterscarps, and two broad ditches.

Yper

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The river Yper Leet came in at the back of the town, and after mingling with the salt water in the ditches found its way to the sea through the channels known as the Old Haven and the Geule, the first on the west, the second on the east of the town.

Chapter 22 of By England's Aid by G. A. (George Alfred) Henty holds 128 sentences, grouped into 26 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 22 of By England's Aid contain?

Chapter 22 holds 128 sentences of By England's Aid, unabridged, divided into 26 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 22 of By England's Aid by G. A. (George Alfred) Henty exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 128 sentences, grouped into 26 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 22 of By England's Aid?

Work through the 26 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 26 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #6953, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in By England's Aid

Words and structures a reader meets early in By England's Aid, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Minutes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of By England's Aid; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Master
A word that appears in the opening chapter of By England's Aid; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lirriper
A word that appears in the opening chapter of By England's Aid; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Alongside
A word that appears in the opening chapter of By England's Aid; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.