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By What Authority?
By What Authority?

Chapter XV · Chapter 15

Chapter 15 of By What Authority? is here in full — 346 sentences across 70 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for By What Authority?
Context Illustration Reading 1/69 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.
Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.
The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.
She was leaning back in her seat, with her hands behind her head, thinking over her relations with Hubert.
When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

By What Authority?

Chapter XV · Chapter 15

Chapter 15 of By What Authority? is here in full — 346 sentences across 70 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/69 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.
Line 2
Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.
Line 3
The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.
Line 4
She was leaning back in her seat, with her hands behind her head, thinking over her relations with Hubert.
Line 5
When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

assisting verb US /əˈsɪstɪŋ/

-ing form of “assist” — give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading “Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.”

Azores noun US /əˈzɔːrz/

islands in the Atlantic Ocean belonging to Portugal

From this reading “The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.”

corporate adjective US /ˈkɔːrpərət/

of or belonging to a corporation

From this reading “The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.”

Drake noun US /dreɪk/

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

From this reading “Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.”

nugget noun US /ˈnʌɡɪt/

a solid lump of a precious metal (especially gold) as found in the earth

From this reading “When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.”

Plymouth noun US /ˈplɪməθ/

a town in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims in 1620

From this reading “Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.”

pretender noun US /priˈtendər/

a claimant to the throne or to the office of ruler (usually without just title)

From this reading “The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.”

technically adverb US /ˈteknɪkəli/

with regard to technique

From this reading “The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.”

All words in this reading · 117

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

afternoonnounUS /ˌæftərˈnuːn/

the part of the day between noon and evening

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

answerverbUS /ˈænsər/

react verbally

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

AnthonynounUS /ˈænθəni/

Roman general under Julius Caesar in the Gallic wars; repudiated his wife for the Egyptian queen Cleopatra; they were defeated by Octavian at Actium (83-30 BC)

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

Antonio

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

apparentlyadverbUS /əˈperəntli/

from appearances alone

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

assistingverbUS /əˈsɪstɪŋ/

-ing form of “assist” — give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

AzoresnounUS /əˈzɔːrz/

islands in the Atlantic Ocean belonging to Portugal

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading She was leaning back in her seat, with her hands behind her head, thinking over her relations with Hubert.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading She was leaning back in her seat, with her hands behind her head, thinking over her relations with Hubert.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

celebratedadjectiveUS /ˈseləbreɪtɪd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

commandnounUS /kəˈmænd/

an authoritative direction or instruction to do something

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

conductverbUS /ˈkɑːndəkt/

direct the course of; manage or control

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

corporateadjectiveUS /ˈkɔːrpərət/

of or belonging to a corporation

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

COUNTER-MARCH

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

countriesnounUS /ˈkʌntriz/

plural of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

demonstrationnounUS /ˌdemənˈstreɪʃən/

a show or display; the act of presenting something to sight or view

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

Deptford

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

DonnounUS /dɑːn/

a Spanish gentleman or nobleman

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

DrakenounUS /dreɪk/

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

entertainedadjectiveUS /ˌentərˈteɪnd/

pleasantly occupied

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

expeditionnounUS /ˌekspəˈdɪʃən/

a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

finaladjectiveUS /ˈfaɪnəl/

occurring at or forming an end or termination

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

financialadjectiveUS /fəˈnænʃəl/

involving financial matters

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

furtheradverbUS /ˈfɜːrðər/

to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (“further” is used more often than “farther” in this abstract sense)

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

gardennounUS /ˈɡɑːrdən/

a plot of ground where plants are cultivated

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

goingnounUS /ˈɡoʊɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

goldnounUS /ɡoʊld/

coins made of gold

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

grantedadjectiveUS /ˈɡræntəd/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

HallnounUS /hɔːl/

an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

handsnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

HawkinsnounUS /ˈhɔːkɪnz/

English privateer involved in the slave trade; later helped build the fleet that in 1588 defeated the Spanish Armada (1532-1595)

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading She was leaning back in her seat, with her hands behind her head, thinking over her relations with Hubert.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading She was leaning back in her seat, with her hands behind her head, thinking over her relations with Hubert.

highestadjectiveUS /ˈhaɪəst/

superlative of “high” — greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

hopedverbUS /hoʊpt/

past form of “hope” — expect and wish

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

hopesnounUS /hoʊps/

plural of “hope” — a specific instance of feeling hopeful

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

Hubert

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

Isabel

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

ItaliannounUS /ˌɪˈtæljən/

a native or inhabitant of Italy

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

layingnounUS /ˈleɪɪŋ/

the production of eggs (especially in birds)

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

leaningadjectiveUS /ˈliːnɪŋ/

departing or being caused to depart from the true vertical or horizontal

From this reading She was leaning back in her seat, with her hands behind her head, thinking over her relations with Hubert.

mainadjectiveUS /meɪn/

most important element

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

marriagenounUS /ˈmerɪdʒ/

the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce)

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

moraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

nuggetnounUS /ˈnʌɡɪt/

a solid lump of a precious metal (especially gold) as found in the earth

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

objectnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekt/

a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

occupyverbUS /ˈɑːkjəpaɪ/

keep busy with

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading She was leaning back in her seat, with her hands behind her head, thinking over her relations with Hubert.

peacenounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

plundernounUS /ˈplʌn.dər/

Goods or treasure taken by force or theft, especially in war or banditry.

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

PlymouthnounUS /ˈplɪməθ/

a town in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims in 1620

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

PortuguesenounUS /ˈpɔːrtʃəɡiːz/

the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

preparationsnounUS /ˌprepərˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “preparation” — the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

pretendernounUS /priˈtendər/

a claimant to the throne or to the office of ruler (usually without just title)

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

previousadjectiveUS /ˈpriːviəs/

just preceding something else in time or order

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

proposedverbUS /prəˈpoʊzd/

past form of “propose” — make a proposal, declare a plan for something

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

QueennounUS /kwiːn/

the only fertile female in a colony of social insects such as bees and ants and termites; its function is to lay eggs

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

relationsnounUS /riˈleɪʃənz/

mutual dealings or connections or communications among persons or groups

From this reading She was leaning back in her seat, with her hands behind her head, thinking over her relations with Hubert.

seatnounUS /siːt/

a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane)

From this reading She was leaning back in her seat, with her hands behind her head, thinking over her relations with Hubert.

ShepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading She was leaning back in her seat, with her hands behind her head, thinking over her relations with Hubert.

shipsnounUS /ʃɪps/

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

showedverbUS /ʃoʊd/

past form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

sittingnounUS /ˈsɪtɪŋ/

(photography) the act of assuming a certain position (as for a photograph or portrait)

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

SpainnounUS /speɪn/

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

summernounUS /ˈsʌmər/

the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

supportnounUS /səˈpɔːrt/

the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

technicallyadverbUS /ˈteknɪkəli/

with regard to technique

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

tellingadjectiveUS /ˈtelɪŋ/

disclosing unintentionally something concealed

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

Terceira

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Hubert was down at Plymouth, assisting in the preparations for the expedition that Drake hoped to conduct against Spain.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

thinkingnounUS /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/

the process of using your mind to consider something carefully

From this reading She was leaning back in her seat, with her hands behind her head, thinking over her relations with Hubert.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

understoodadjectiveUS /ˌʌndərˈstʊd/

fully apprehended as to purport or meaning or explanation

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

visitverbUS /ˈvɪzɪt/

go to see a place, as for entertainment

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A COUNTER-MARCH Isabel was sitting out alone in the Italian garden at the Hall, one afternoon in the summer following the visit to Deptford.

wedding-ring

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The two countries were technically at peace, but the object with which he was going out, with the moral and financial support of the Queen, was a corporate demonstration against Spain, of French, Portuguese, and English ships under the main command of Don Antonio, the Portuguese pretender; it was proposed to occupy Terceira in the Azores; and Drake and Hawkins entertained the highest hopes of laying their hands on further plunder.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading When he had been at home at the end of the previous year, he had apparently taken it for granted that the marriage would be celebrated; he had given her the gold nugget, that she had showed Anthony, telling her he had brought it home for the wedding-ring; and she understood that he was to come for his final answer as soon as his work at Plymouth was over.

Chapter 15 of By What Authority? by Robert Hugh Benson holds 346 sentences, grouped into 70 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 15 of By What Authority? contain?

Chapter 15 holds 346 sentences of By What Authority?, unabridged, divided into 70 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 15 of By What Authority? by Robert Hugh Benson exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 346 sentences, grouped into 70 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 15 of By What Authority??

Work through the 70 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 70 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 15 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 15 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading By What Authority?

Common questions about reading By What Authority? by Robert Hugh Benson on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of By What Authority??

Yes. All 8425 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #19697 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of By What Authority? is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #19697, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does By What Authority? take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1685 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through By What Authority? section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in By What Authority?

Words and structures a reader meets early in By What Authority?, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Anthony
A word that appears in the opening chapter of By What Authority?; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Norris
A word that appears in the opening chapter of By What Authority?; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fourteen
A word that appears in the opening chapter of By What Authority?; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
King's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of By What Authority?; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.