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Cakes & Ale
Cakes & Ale

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Cakes & Ale is here in full — 103 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/20 · 5 lines
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DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."
Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.
It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.
But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.
The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Cakes & Ale

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Cakes & Ale is here in full — 103 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/20 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."
Line 2
Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.
Line 3
It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.
Line 4
But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.
Line 5
The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Ala noun US /ˈælə/

a flat wing-shaped process or winglike part of an organism

decorating verb US /ˈdekəreɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “decorate” — make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.

From this reading “But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.”

dix noun US /dɪks/

United States social reformer who pioneered in the reform of prisons and in the treatment of the mentally ill; superintended women army nurses during the American Civil War (1802-1887)

dormouse noun US /ˈdɔːrmaʊs/

small furry-tailed squirrel-like Old World rodent that becomes torpid in cold weather

From this reading “It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.”

haggis noun US /ˈhæɡəs/

made of sheep's or calf's viscera minced with oatmeal and suet and onions and boiled in the animal's stomach

From this reading “Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.”

invasions noun US /ˌɪnˈveɪʒənz/

plural of “invasion” — the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder

From this reading “But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.”

Lane's noun US /leɪnz/

possessive form of “lane” — a narrow way or road

From this reading “The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.”

torturer noun US /ˈtɔːrtʃərər/

someone who inflicts severe physical pain (usually for punishment or coercion)

From this reading “Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

seems incredible verb + adjective counted as “seem incredible”

In this reading “The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.”

sprinkled with verb + particle counted as “sprinkle with”

In this reading “It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.”

All words in this reading · 162

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

AlanounUS /ˈælə/

a flat wing-shaped process or winglike part of an organism

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

althoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

artauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

AugustusnounUS /ɑːˈɡʌstəs/

Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC at Actium (63 BC - AD 14)

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

avengedadjectiveUS /əˈvendʒd/

for which vengeance has been taken

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

badadjectiveUS /bæd/

having undesirable or negative qualities

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

bonne

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

bouche

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

BritainnounUS /ˈbrɪtən/

a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; “Great Britain” is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

BritonsnounUS /ˈbrɪtənz/

plural of “briton” — a native or inhabitant of Great Britain

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

cannanoun

any plant of the genus Canna having large sheathing leaves and clusters of large showy flowers

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

commencementnounUS /kəˈmensmənt/

the time at which something is supposed to begin

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

ComparisonsnounUS /kəmˈperəsənz/

plural of “comparison” — the act of examining resemblances

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

conquerorsnounUS /ˈkɑːŋkərərz/

plural of “conqueror” — someone who is victorious by force of arms

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

cookverbUS /kʊk/

prepare a hot meal

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

cookerynoun

the act of preparing something (as food) by the application of heat

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

corruptedadjectiveUS /kərˈʌptɪd/

containing errors or alterations

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

corruptionnounUS /kərˈʌpʃən/

lack of integrity or honesty (especially susceptibility to bribery); use of a position of trust for dishonest gain

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

decoratingverbUS /ˈdekəreɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “decorate” — make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

diningnounUS /ˈdaɪnɪŋ/

the act of eating dinner

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

DINNERnounUS /ˈdɪnər/

the main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

dinnersnounUS /ˈdɪnərz/

plural of “dinner” — the main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

dixnounUS /dɪks/

United States social reformer who pioneered in the reform of prisons and in the treatment of the mentally ill; superintended women army nurses during the American Civil War (1802-1887)

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

DoctornounUS /ˈdɑːktər/

a licensed medical practitioner

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

dormousenounUS /ˈdɔːrmaʊs/

small furry-tailed squirrel-like Old World rodent that becomes torpid in cold weather

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

EarlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

eatverbUS /iːt/

take in solid food

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

educatedadjectiveUS /ˈedʒəkeɪtɪd/

possessing an education (especially having more than average knowledge)

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

establishedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

fairlyadverbUS /ˈferli/

to certain extent or degree

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

fairynounUS /ˈferi/

a small being, human in form, playful and having magical powers

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

fishnounUS /fɪʃ/

any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

flavournoun

the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

floweryadjectiveUS /ˈflaʊəri/

of or relating to or suggestive of flowers

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

foodnounUS /fuːd/

any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

food-spoiler

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

foreignadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrən/

of concern to or concerning the affairs of other nations (other than your own)

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

frequentverbUS /ˈfriːkwənt/

do one's shopping at; do business with; be a customer or client of

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

FreshadjectiveUS /freʃ/

recently made, produced, or harvested

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

GeorgenounUS /dʒɔːrdʒ/

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

Gluttonnoun

a person who is devoted to eating and drinking to excess

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

guestsnounUS /ɡests/

plural of “guest” — a visitor to whom hospitality is extended

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

hae

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

haggisnounUS /ˈhæɡəs/

made of sheep's or calf's viscera minced with oatmeal and suet and onions and boiled in the animal's stomach

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

heures

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

HighlandnounUS /ˈhaɪlənd/

elevated (e.g., mountainous) land

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

honeynounUS /ˈhʌni/

a sweet yellow liquid produced by bees

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

hospitalitynounUS /ˌhɑːspəˈtæləti/

kindness in welcoming guests or strangers

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

hournounUS /ˈaʊər/

a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

humiliatingadjectiveUS /hjuːˈmɪlieɪtɪŋ/

causing awareness of your shortcomings

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

ideanounUS /aɪˈdiːə/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

incredibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkredəbəl/

beyond belief or understanding

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

invasionnounUS /ˌɪnˈveɪʒən/

the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

invasionsnounUS /ˌɪnˈveɪʒənz/

plural of “invasion” — the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

islandnounUS /ˈaɪlənd/

a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

JohnsonnounUS /ˈdʒɑːnsən/

English writer and lexicographer (1709-1784)

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

Lane'snounUS /leɪnz/

possessive form of “lane” — a narrow way or road

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

largelyadverbUS /ˈlɑːrdʒli/

in large part; mainly or chiefly

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

Limmer's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

LondonnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

loose-and-careless

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

LordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

MnounUS /em/

the basic unit of length adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites (approximately 1.094 yards)

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

mealnounUS /miːl/

the food served and eaten at one time

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

meatnounUS /miːt/

the flesh of animals (including fishes and birds and snails) used as food

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

moneynounUS /ˈmʌni/

the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

nonepronounUS /nʌn/

not one, and not any

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

NormannounUS /ˈnɔːrmən/

United States operatic soprano (born in 1945)

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

Normans

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

obtainsverbUS /əbˈteɪnz/

third-person singular of “obtain” — come into possession of

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

occasionallyadverbUS /əˈkeɪʒənəli/

sporadically and infrequently

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

OriginnounUS /ˈɔːrədʒən/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

oweverbUS /oʊ/

be obliged to pay or repay

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

PnounUS /piː/

a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

partaken

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

PlainadjectiveUS /pleɪn/

clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

poppy-seed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

racenounUS /reɪs/

any competition

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

reflectverbUS /rɪˈflekt/

manifest or bring back

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

responsibleadjectiveUS /riˈspɑːnsəbəl/

worthy of or requiring responsibility or trust; or held accountable

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

RomansnounUS /ˈroʊmənz/

a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

sae

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

Sala

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

SaxonnounUS /ˈsæksən/

a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

SaxonsnounUS /ˈsæksənz/

plural of “saxon” — a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

seemsverbUS /siːmz/

third-person singular of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

smooth-facedadjective

lacking hair on the face

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

SomeadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

somewhatadverbUS /ˈsʌmˈwʌt/

to a small degree or extent

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

sprinkledverbUS /ˈsprɪŋkəld/

past form of “sprinkle” — distribute loosely

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

stewedadjectiveUS /stuːd/

cooked in hot water

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

sturdyadjectiveUS /ˈstɜːrdi/

having rugged physical strength; inured to fatigue or hardships

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

submittedverbUS /səbˈmɪtɪd/

inflected form of “submit” — refer for judgment or consideration

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

systemnounUS /ˈsɪstəm/

instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

thankit

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

tightadjectiveUS /taɪt/

closely constrained or constricted or constricting

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

to-day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

torturernounUS /ˈtɔːrtʃərər/

someone who inflicts severe physical pain (usually for punishment or coercion)

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

undoubtedlyadverbUS /ənˈdaʊtɪdli/

without doubt; certainly

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

usuallyadverbUS /ˈjuːʒəwəli/

under normal conditions

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

Vitellius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

voluptuaries

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

wadverbUS /wɑːd/

compress into a wad

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

wantverbUS /wɑːnt/

feel or have a desire for; want strongly

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

WaterloonounUS /ˈwɔːtərluː/

a town in central Belgium where in 1815 Napoleon met his final defeat

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading DINNER "Some hae meat and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we can eat and we hae meat, And sae the Lord be thankit."

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading But it was not until the Normans had fairly established themselves and their cookery, that the sturdy Saxon submitted himself to be educated by the foreign food-spoiler; and at a later period the frequent invasions of France by Britain--when money was "tight" in the little island--were undoubtedly responsible for the commencement of the system of "decorating" food which so largely obtains to-day.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It is somewhat humiliating to reflect that we Britons owe the art of dining to our first conquerors the Romans--a smooth-faced race of voluptuaries whose idea of a _bonne bouche_ took the form of a dormouse stewed in honey and sprinkled with poppy-seed.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

wrappedadjectiveUS /ræpt/

covered with or as if with clothes or a wrap or cloak

From this reading Origin--Early dinners--The noble Romans--"Vitellius the Glutton"--Origin of haggis--The Saxons--Highland hospitality--The French invasion--Waterloo avenged--The bad fairy "_Ala_"--Comparisons--The English cook or the foreign food torturer?--Plain or flowery--Fresh fish and the flavour wrapped up--George Augustus Sala--Doctor Johnson again.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading The name "dinner" is said--although it seems incredible that words should have become so corrupted--to be a corruption of _dix heures_, the time at which (A.M.), in the old Norman days, the meal was usually partaken of; and the time at which (P.M.), in later years, when none of the guests ever knew the hour, in that loose-and-careless period, the meal was occasionally partaken of at Limmer's and at Lane's, in London town.

Chapter 7 of Cakes & Ale by Edward Spencer holds 103 sentences, grouped into 21 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of Cakes & Ale contain?

Chapter 7 holds 103 sentences of Cakes & Ale, unabridged, divided into 21 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of Cakes & Ale by Edward Spencer exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 103 sentences, grouped into 21 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of Cakes & Ale?

Work through the 21 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 21 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Cakes & Ale

Common questions about reading Cakes & Ale by Edward Spencer on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Cakes & Ale?

Yes. All 2819 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #43278 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Cakes & Ale is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #43278, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Cakes & Ale take to read?

About 234 minutes of reading across 564 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Cakes & Ale section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 21 chapters of Cakes & Ale to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Cakes & Ale

Words and structures a reader meets early in Cakes & Ale, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cakes & Ale; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cakes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cakes & Ale; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Crown
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cakes & Ale; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cloth
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cakes & Ale; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.