Chapter IX

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

in the past

From this reading He was a widower and lived alone until his uncle and aunt had come to Petit-Bois a month ago to keep him company.

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

Having no one else present.

From this reading He was a widower and lived alone until his uncle and aunt had come to Petit-Bois a month ago to keep him company.

in addition

From this reading He was pleased also at having for lodger a relative in the army.

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading He was pleased also at having for lodger a relative in the army.

the sister of your father or mother; the wife of your uncle

From this reading He was a widower and lived alone until his uncle and aunt had come to Petit-Bois a month ago to keep him company.

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

earlier than; in front of

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

at or toward the back of something

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

a monarchy in northwestern Europe; headquarters for the European Union and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

the time when something begins (especially life)

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading He was a widower and lived alone until his uncle and aunt had come to Petit-Bois a month ago to keep him company.

an institution created to conduct business

From this reading He was a widower and lived alone until his uncle and aunt had come to Petit-Bois a month ago to keep him company.

prepare a hot meal

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

plural of “countryman” — a man from your own country

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

plural of “customer” — someone who pays for goods or services

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

possessive form of “enemy” — an opposing military force

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

produced by or subjected to forcing

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

a person of German nationality

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

plural of “german” — a person of German nationality

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

showing or causing joy and pleasure; especially made happy

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

a retail merchant who sells foodstuffs (and some household supplies)

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

a marketplace where groceries are sold

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading He was pleased also at having for lodger a relative in the army.

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

a German man; used before the name as a title equivalent to Mr in English

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

have as a part, be made up out of

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading He was a widower and lived alone until his uncle and aunt had come to Petit-Bois a month ago to keep him company.

(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

indicating the most important performer or role

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

go away from a place

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

plural of “line” — a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

a tenant in someone's house

From this reading He was pleased also at having for lodger a relative in the army.

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading He was a widower and lived alone until his uncle and aunt had come to Petit-Bois a month ago to keep him company.

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

past form of “name” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

invade in great numbers

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

experiencing or manifesting pleasure

From this reading He was pleased also at having for lodger a relative in the army.

inflected form of “ply” — give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

the people who inhabit a territory or state

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

in fortunate circumstances financially; moderately rich

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

subject to rigid discipline, order, and systematization

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

a person related by blood or marriage

From this reading He was pleased also at having for lodger a relative in the army.

past form of “resume” — take up or begin anew

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

from a time in the past until now

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

refrain from harming

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

in or at that place or location

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

past form of “treble” — sing treble

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

the brother of your father or mother; the husband of your aunt

From this reading He was a widower and lived alone until his uncle and aunt had come to Petit-Bois a month ago to keep him company.

up to a particular time

From this reading He was a widower and lived alone until his uncle and aunt had come to Petit-Bois a month ago to keep him company.

having won

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

plural of “week” — any period of seven consecutive days

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

which person or people

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.

a man whose wife is dead especially one who has not remarried

From this reading He was a widower and lived alone until his uncle and aunt had come to Petit-Bois a month ago to keep him company.

in the company of; together with

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading He was not kept away for long, however, for within a few weeks his countrymen had overrun Belgium and enough of northern France to include Petit-Bois, so Herr Adler came back and resumed business, with more Germans than French now for customers.

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading The grocery had become prosperous of late, since the victorious army had trebled the population of the village, and the grocer was glad of help in the time his uncle could spare from his work as company cook in an Infantry regiment.

a late time of life

From this reading BEHIND THE ENEMY'S LINES In the village of Petit-Bois, on the street leading to the church, lived a grocer named Adler, a German by birth, who had plied his trade there for almost ten years before the war forced him to leave French territory.