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Carmen Ariza
Carmen Ariza

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Carmen Ariza is here in full — 245 sentences across 49 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/49 · 5 lines
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The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.
The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.
It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.
It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.
This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Carmen Ariza

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Carmen Ariza is here in full — 245 sentences across 49 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/49 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.
Line 2
The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.
/ðə rɪˈzʌlt ʌv ðɪs ˈbætəl hæd bɪn ˈiːɡərli əˈweɪtɪd ɪn ðə ˈsɪti ʌv ˌkɑːrtəˈdʒiːnə ˈkæpətəl ʌv ðə ˈnuːli fɔːrmd ˌfedərˈeɪʃən ʌv kəˈlʌmbiə/
Line 3
It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.
/ɪt wɑːz noʊn ðer ðæt ðə ˈrɔɪəlɪst ˈɑːrmi wɑːz ˈkɑːnsəntreɪtɪŋ fɔːr ə ˈfaɪnəl stænd/
Line 4
It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.
Line 5
This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Cartagena noun US /ˌkɑːrtəˈdʒiːnə/

a port in southeastern Spain on the Mediterranean

From this reading “The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.”

Colombia noun US /kəˈlʌmbiə/

a republic in northwestern South America with a coastline on the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; achieved independence from Spain in 1821 under the leadership of Simon Bolivar; Spanish is the official language

From this reading “The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.”

concentrating verb US /ˈkɑːnsəntreɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “concentrate” — make denser, stronger, or purer

From this reading “It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.”

Lima noun US /ˈlaɪmə/

capital and largest city and economic center of Peru; located in western Peru; was capital of the Spanish empire in the New World until the 19th century

From this reading “The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.”

machete noun US /məˈʃetiː/

a large heavy knife used in Central and South America as a weapon or for cutting vegetation

outnumbered verb US /ˌaʊtˈnʌmbərd/

past form of “outnumber” — be larger in number

From this reading “It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.”

Peruvian noun US /pərˈuːviən/

a native or inhabitant of Peru

From this reading “The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.”

regimen noun US /ˈredʒəmən/

(medicine) a systematic plan for therapy (often including diet)

From this reading “This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

desperate conflict adjective + noun

In this reading “This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.”

last vestige adjective + noun

In this reading “The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.”

in the city preposition + article + noun counted as “in … city”

In this reading “The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.”

All words in this reading · 109

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1824

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

arma

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

awaitedadjectiveUS /əˈweɪtɪd/

expected hopefully

From this reading The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.

Ayacucho

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

bandnounUS /bænd/

an unofficial association of people or groups

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

blanca

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

brokenadjectiveUS /ˈbroʊkən/

physically and forcibly separated into pieces or cracked or split

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

capitalnounUS /ˈkæpətəl/

assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.

CartagenanounUS /ˌkɑːrtəˈdʒiːnə/

a port in southeastern Spain on the Mediterranean

From this reading The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.

citynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

clingingverbUS /ˈklɪŋɪŋ/

-ing form of “cling” — come or be in close contact with; stick or hold together and resist separation

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

closeadjectiveUS /kloʊs/

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

ColombianounUS /kəˈlʌmbiə/

a republic in northwestern South America with a coastline on the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; achieved independence from Spain in 1821 under the leadership of Simon Bolivar; Spanish is the official language

From this reading The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.

coloniesnounUS /ˈkɑːləniz/

plural of “colony” — a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

concentratingverbUS /ˈkɑːnsəntreɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “concentrate” — make denser, stronger, or purer

From this reading It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.

conflictnounUS /ˈkɑːnflɪkt/

an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

controlnounUS /kənˈtroʊl/

power to direct or determine

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

Cuzconoun

a town in the Andes in southern Peru; formerly the capital of the Inca empire

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

desperateadjectiveUS /ˈdesprɪt/

arising from or marked by despair or loss of hope

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

destroyedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstrɔɪd/

spoiled or ruined or demolished

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

eagerlyadverbUS /ˈiːɡərli/

with eagerness; in an eager manner

From this reading The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.

encouragementnounUS /enˈkɜːrɪdʒmənt/

the expression of approval and support

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

fallverbUS /fɔːl/

descend in free fall under the influence of gravity

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

familiesnounUS /ˈfæməliz/

plural of “family” — a social unit living together

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

fatenounUS /feɪt/

an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

federationnounUS /ˌfedərˈeɪʃən/

an organization formed by merging several groups or parties

From this reading The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

finaladjectiveUS /ˈfaɪnəl/

occurring at or forming an end or termination

From this reading It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.

forlornlyadverb

in a forlorn manner

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.

fortunesnounUS /ˈfɔːrtʃənz/

plural of “fortune” — an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

foughtverbUS /fɔːt/

inflected form of “fight” — be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

greatlyadverbUS /ˈɡreɪtli/

to an extraordinary extent or degree

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.

hopingverbUS /ˈhoʊpɪŋ/

-ing form of “hope” — expect and wish

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

imperialadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɪriəl/

relating to or associated with an empire

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

IncanounUS /ˈɪŋkə/

a ruler of the Incas (or a member of his family)

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

IndependencenounUS /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/

freedom from control or influence of another or others

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

indispensableadjectiveUS /ˌɪndɪˈspensəbəl/

not to be dispensed with; essential

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

lentnounUS /lent/

a period of 40 weekdays from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

LimanounUS /ˈlaɪmə/

capital and largest city and economic center of Peru; located in western Peru; was capital of the Spanish empire in the New World until the 19th century

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

machetenounUS /məˈʃetiː/

a large heavy knife used in Central and South America as a weapon or for cutting vegetation

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

newlyadverbUS /ˈnuːli/

very recently

From this reading The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.

nondescriptadjectiveUS /ˈnɑːndɪˈskrɪpt/

lacking distinct or individual characteristics; dull and uninteresting

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

outnumberedverbUS /ˌaʊtˈnʌmbərd/

past form of “outnumber” — be larger in number

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

patriotsnounUS /ˈpeɪtriəts/

plural of “patriot” — one who loves and defends his or her country

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

PeruviannounUS /pərˈuːviən/

a native or inhabitant of Peru

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

pinnedverbUS /pɪnd/

inflected form of “pin” — to hold fast or prevent from moving

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

Pizarro's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

plainsnounUS /pleɪnz/

plural of “plain” — extensive tract of level open land

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

proudadjectiveUS /praʊd/

feeling self-respect or pleasure in something by which you measure your self-worth; or being a reason for pride

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

providedverbUS /prəˈvaɪdɪd/

past form of “provide” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

regimennounUS /ˈredʒəmən/

(medicine) a systematic plan for therapy (often including diet)

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

remainingadjectiveUS /rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ/

not used up

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

resultnounUS /rɪˈzʌlt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.

reëstablishment

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

RoyalistnounUS /ˈrɔɪəlɪst/

an advocate of the principles of monarchy

From this reading It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.

seatnounUS /siːt/

a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane)

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

shrednounUS /ʃred/

a tiny or scarcely detectable amount

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

SouthnounUS /saʊθ/

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

SpanishnounUS /ˈspænɪʃ/

the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

standverbUS /stænd/

be standing; be upright

From this reading It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

terrificadjectiveUS /tərˈɪfɪk/

very great or intense

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading It was known there that the Royalist army was concentrating for a final stand.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The result of this battle had been eagerly awaited in the city of Cartagena, capital of the newly formed federation of Colombia.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

TorynounUS /ˈtɔːri/

an American who favored the British side during the American Revolution

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

tropicaladjectiveUS /ˈtrɑːpɪkəl/

relating to or situated in or characteristic of the tropics (the region on either side of the equator)

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

vainlyadverbUS /ˈveɪnli/

to no avail

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

vestigenounUS /ˈvestɪdʒ/

an indication that something has been present

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

veteransnounUS /ˈvetərənz/

plural of “veteran” — a serviceman who has seen considerable active service

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

virtuallyadverbUS /ˈvɜːrtʃuːəli/

in essence or effect but not in fact

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

WarnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The long War of Independence which destroyed the last vestige of Spanish control over the Peruvian colonies of South America was virtually brought to a close by the terrific battle of Ayacucho, fought on the plains between Pizarro's city of Lima and the ancient Inca seat of Cuzco in the fall of 1824.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading This fact lent a shred of encouragement to the few proud Tory families still remaining in the city and clinging forlornly to their broken fortunes, while vainly hoping for a reëstablishment of the imperial regimen, as they pinned their fate to this last desperate conflict.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It was known, too, that its veterans greatly outnumbered the nondescript band of patriots, many of whom were provided only with the _arma blanca_, the indispensable _machete_ of tropical America.

Chapter 2 of Carmen Ariza by Charles Francis Stocking holds 245 sentences, grouped into 49 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Carmen Ariza contain?

Chapter 2 holds 245 sentences of Carmen Ariza, unabridged, divided into 49 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Carmen Ariza by Charles Francis Stocking exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 245 sentences, grouped into 49 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Carmen Ariza?

Work through the 49 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 49 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Carmen Ariza

Common questions about reading Carmen Ariza by Charles Francis Stocking on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Carmen Ariza?

Yes. All 29501 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #30312 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Carmen Ariza is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #30312, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Carmen Ariza take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 5901 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Carmen Ariza

Words and structures a reader meets early in Carmen Ariza, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Charles
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Carmen Ariza; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Francis
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Carmen Ariza; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stocking
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Carmen Ariza; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Carmen Ariza; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.