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Caste
Caste

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Caste is here in full — 45 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.
Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.
Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!
_Om, Parvati_!" the comprehensive, all-embracing "_Om_" that meant adoration and a clamour for favour.
Even to Nandi, the brass bull that carried Shiva, he appealed, "_Om Shiva_!"
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Caste

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Caste is here in full — 45 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/9 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.
Line 2
Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.
Line 3
Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!
Line 4
_Om, Parvati_!" the comprehensive, all-embracing "_Om_" that meant adoration and a clamour for favour.
Line 5
Even to Nandi, the brass bull that carried Shiva, he appealed, "_Om Shiva_!"

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

adoration noun US /ˌædərˈeɪʃən/

a feeling of profound love and admiration

From this reading “_Om, Parvati_!" the comprehensive, all-embracing "_Om_" that meant adoration and a clamour for favour.”

clamour verb US /ˈklæmər/

utter or proclaim insistently and noisily

From this reading “_Om, Parvati_!" the comprehensive, all-embracing "_Om_" that meant adoration and a clamour for favour.”

comprehensive adjective US /ˌkɑːmpriˈhensɪv/

including all or everything

From this reading “_Om, Parvati_!" the comprehensive, all-embracing "_Om_" that meant adoration and a clamour for favour.”

marigolds noun US /ˈmerəɡoʊldz/

plural of “marigold” — any of various tropical American plants of the genus Tagetes widely cultivated for their showy yellow or orange flowers

From this reading “Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!”

overthrow noun US /ˈoʊvərθroʊ/

the termination of a ruler or institution (especially by force)

From this reading “The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.”

plotting verb US /ˈplɑːtɪŋ/

inflected form of “plot” — plan secretly, usually something illegal

From this reading “The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.”

Resident adjective US /ˈrezɪdənt/

living in a particular place

From this reading “The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.”

Shiva noun US /ˈʃiːvə/

(Judaism) a period of seven days of mourning after the death of close relative

From this reading “Even to Nandi, the brass bull that carried Shiva, he appealed, "_Om Shiva_!"”

All words in this reading · 73

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

adorationnounUS /ˌædərˈeɪʃən/

a feeling of profound love and admiration

From this reading _Om, Parvati_!" the comprehensive, all-embracing "_Om_" that meant adoration and a clamour for favour.

all-embracingadjective

broad in scope or content

From this reading _Om, Parvati_!" the comprehensive, all-embracing "_Om_" that meant adoration and a clamour for favour.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

appealedverbUS /əˈpiːld/

past form of “appeal” — take a court case to a higher court for review

From this reading Even to Nandi, the brass bull that carried Shiva, he appealed, "_Om Shiva_!"

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

Bhonsla

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

brassnounUS /bræs/

an alloy of copper and zinc

From this reading Even to Nandi, the brass bull that carried Shiva, he appealed, "_Om Shiva_!"

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

broodingnounUS /ˈbruːdɪŋ/

sitting on eggs so as to hatch them by the warmth of the body

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

bullnounUS /bʊl/

uncastrated adult male of domestic cattle

From this reading Even to Nandi, the brass bull that carried Shiva, he appealed, "_Om Shiva_!"

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

callingnounUS /ˈkɔːlɪŋ/

the particular occupation for which you are trained

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading Even to Nandi, the brass bull that carried Shiva, he appealed, "_Om Shiva_!"

clamourverbUS /ˈklæmər/

utter or proclaim insistently and noisily

From this reading _Om, Parvati_!" the comprehensive, all-embracing "_Om_" that meant adoration and a clamour for favour.

comprehensiveadjectiveUS /ˌkɑːmpriˈhensɪv/

including all or everything

From this reading _Om, Parvati_!" the comprehensive, all-embracing "_Om_" that meant adoration and a clamour for favour.

destructionnounUS /dɪˈstrʌkʃən/

the termination of something by causing so much damage to it that it cannot be repaired or no longer exists

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

EachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

EvenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Even to Nandi, the brass bull that carried Shiva, he appealed, "_Om Shiva_!"

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

favournounUS /ˈfeɪvər/

a feeling of favorable regard

From this reading _Om, Parvati_!" the comprehensive, all-embracing "_Om_" that meant adoration and a clamour for favour.

feetnounUS /fiːt/

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

four-armed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

goddessnounUS /ˈɡɑːdəs/

a female deity

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

handfulnounUS /ˈhændfʊl/

a small number or amount

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

hatedadjectiveUS /ˈheɪtəd/

treated with dislike or contempt

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

hideousadjectiveUS /ˈhɪdiəs/

grossly offensive to decency or morality; causing horror

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

hillnounUS /hɪl/

a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

Hodson

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

Holkar

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

idolnounUS /ˈaɪdəl/

a material effigy that is worshipped

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

laidadjectiveUS /leɪd/

set down according to a plan

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

lookingnounUS /ˈlʊkɪŋ/

the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

Mahrattas

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

marigoldsnounUS /ˈmerəɡoʊldz/

plural of “marigold” — any of various tropical American plants of the genus Tagetes widely cultivated for their showy yellow or orange flowers

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

meantverbUS /ment/

inflected form of “mean” — mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading _Om, Parvati_!" the comprehensive, all-embracing "_Om_" that meant adoration and a clamour for favour.

Nandi

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Even to Nandi, the brass bull that carried Shiva, he appealed, "_Om Shiva_!"

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

Om

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

overthrownounUS /ˈoʊvərθroʊ/

the termination of a ruler or institution (especially by force)

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

Parvatinoun

wife of Siva and a benevolent aspect of Devi: Hindu goddess of plenty

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

Peshwa

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

plottingverbUS /ˈplɑːtɪŋ/

inflected form of “plot” — plan secretly, usually something illegal

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

Poona

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

prayersnounUS /prerz/

plural of “prayer” — the act of communicating with a deity (especially as a petition or in adoration or contrition or thanksgiving)

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

priestsnounUS /priːsts/

plural of “priest” — a clergyman in Christian churches who has the authority to perform or administer various religious rites; one of the Holy Orders

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

repeatedadjectiveUS /rɪˈpiːtɪd/

recurring again and again

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

repeatingnounUS /rɪˈpiːtɪŋ/

the act of doing or performing again

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

ResidentadjectiveUS /ˈrezɪdənt/

living in a particular place

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

ShivanounUS /ˈʃiːvə/

(Judaism) a period of seven days of mourning after the death of close relative

From this reading Even to Nandi, the brass bull that carried Shiva, he appealed, "_Om Shiva_!"

Sindhia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

templenounUS /ˈtempəl/

place of worship consisting of an edifice for the worship of a deity

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading _Om, Parvati_!" the comprehensive, all-embracing "_Om_" that meant adoration and a clamour for favour.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

twenty-fouradjectiveUS /ˈtwentifɔːr/

being four more than twenty

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

UpadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The three Mahrattas, Sindhia, Holkar, and Bhonsla, were plotting the overthrow of the British, and the Peshwa was looking out of brooding eyes upon Hodson, the Resident at Poona.

whitesnounUS /waɪts/

plural of “white” — a Caucasian

From this reading Up on the hill, in the temple of Parvati, the priests repeated prayers to the black goddess calling for the destruction of the hated whites.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Each one of the twenty-four priests as he came with a handful of marigolds laid them one by one at the feet of the four-armed hideous idol, repeating: "_Om, Parvati_!

Chapter 1 of Caste by William Alexander Fraser holds 45 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Caste contain?

Chapter 1 holds 45 sentences of Caste, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Caste by William Alexander Fraser exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 45 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Caste?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Caste

Common questions about reading Caste by William Alexander Fraser on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Caste?

Yes. All 3050 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #16752 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Caste is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #16752, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Caste take to read?

About 254 minutes of reading across 610 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Caste section by section

How to work through Caste section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 30 chapters of Caste to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Caste

Words and structures a reader meets early in Caste, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Three
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Caste; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mahrattas
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Caste; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sindhia
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Caste; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Holkar
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Caste; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.