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Caste
Caste

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Caste is here in full — 156 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/31 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.
Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.
Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.
By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.
Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Caste

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Caste is here in full — 156 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/31 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.
Line 2
Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.
Line 3
Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.
Line 4
By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.
/baɪ ðə juːs ʌv ðə ˈstræŋɡəlɪŋ klɔːθ ðer wʊd biː noʊ ˈaʊtkraɪ noʊ dɪn ʌv ˈbætəl ðeɪ ʌv ðə ˈvɪlədʒ wʊd θɪŋk ðæt ðə kæmp wɑːz wʌn ʌv sliːp/
Line 5
Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.
/ðen wen ðə ˈbɑːdiz hæd bɪn ˈberid ɪn ə pɪt ðə ɜːrθ træmpt daʊn flæt ənd ˈsɑːləd ənd ˈkʊkɪŋ ˈfaɪərz bɪlt ˈoʊvər ɪt tuː əˈblɪtəreɪt ɔːl ˈtreɪsəz ʌv ə ɡreɪv ðeɪ wʊd straɪk kæmp ənd ɡoʊ bæk ðə weɪ ðeɪ hæd kʌm/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

din noun US /dɪn/

a loud harsh or strident noise

From this reading “By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.”

erected verb US /ɪˈrektəd/

past form of “erect” — construct, build, or erect

From this reading “When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.”

merchant's noun US /ˈmɜːrtʃənts/

possessive form of “merchant” — a businessperson engaged in retail trade

From this reading “When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.”

obliterate verb US /əˈblɪtəreɪt/

mark for deletion, rub off, or erase

From this reading “Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.”

outcry noun US /ˈaʊtkraɪ/

a loud utterance; often in protest or opposition

From this reading “By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.”

spoils noun US /spɔɪlz/

plural of “spoil” — (usually plural) valuables taken by violence (especially in war)

From this reading “Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.”

strangling noun US /ˈstræŋɡəlɪŋ/

the act of suffocating (someone) by constricting the windpipe

From this reading “By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.”

tramped verb US /træmpt/

past form of “tramp” — travel on foot, especially on a walking expedition

From this reading “Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.”

All words in this reading · 105

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

Ajeet

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

bodiesnounUS /ˈbɑːdiz/

plural of “body” — the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

builtadjectiveUS /bɪlt/

(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

buriedadjectiveUS /ˈberid/

placed in a grave

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

campnounUS /kæmp/

temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

carryingverbUS /ˈkæriɪŋ/

-ing form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

clothnounUS /klɔːθ/

artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

cookingnounUS /ˈkʊkɪŋ/

the act of preparing something (as food) by the application of heat

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

councilnounUS /ˈkaʊnsəl/

a body serving in an administrative capacity

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

DeadadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

decoits

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

decoity

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

dinnounUS /dɪn/

a loud harsh or strident noise

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

earsnounUS /ɪrz/

plural of “ear” — the sense organ for hearing and equilibrium

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

enjoyverbUS /ˌenˈdʒɔɪ/

derive or receive pleasure from; get enjoyment from; take pleasure in

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

erectedverbUS /ɪˈrektəd/

past form of “erect” — construct, build, or erect

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

firesnounUS /ˈfaɪərz/

plural of “fire” — the event of something burning (often destructive)

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

flatadjectiveUS /flæt/

having a surface without slope, tilt in which no part is higher or lower than another

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

fruitsnounUS /fruːts/

plural of “fruit” — the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

goneadjectiveUS /ɡɔːn/

destroyed or killed

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

gravenounUS /ɡreɪv/

death of a person

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

Hunsa

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

jamadars

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

Karowlee

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

killingnounUS /ˈkɪlɪŋ/

an event that causes someone to die

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

merchant'snounUS /ˈmɜːrtʃənts/

possessive form of “merchant” — a businessperson engaged in retail trade

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

obliterateverbUS /əˈblɪtəreɪt/

mark for deletion, rub off, or erase

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

opposedadjectiveUS /əˈpoʊzd/

being in opposition or having an opponent

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

outcrynounUS /ˈaʊtkraɪ/

a loud utterance; often in protest or opposition

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

peacenounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

pitnounUS /pɪt/

A large hole in the ground, or an abyss of darkness and peril.

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

pointedadjectiveUS /ˈpɔɪntɪd/

having a point

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

Ragganath

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

reachverbUS /riːtʃ/

reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

safelyadverbUS /ˈseɪfli/

with safety; in a safe manner

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

shelternounUS /ˈʃeltər/

a structure that provides privacy and protection from danger

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

sittingnounUS /ˈsɪtɪŋ/

(photography) the act of assuming a certain position (as for a photograph or portrait)

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

sleepnounUS /sliːp/

a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

solidadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːləd/

characterized by good substantial quality

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

spoilsnounUS /spɔɪlz/

plural of “spoil” — (usually plural) valuables taken by violence (especially in war)

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

stirverbUS /stɜːr/

move an implement through

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

stranglingnounUS /ˈstræŋɡəlɪŋ/

the act of suffocating (someone) by constricting the windpipe

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

strikeverbUS /straɪk/

deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

talesnounUS /teɪlz/

plural of “tale” — a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

tentnounUS /tent/

a portable shelter (usually of canvas stretched over supporting poles and fastened to the ground with ropes and pegs)

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

ThenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

toilverbUS /tɔɪl/

work hard

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

tracesnounUS /ˈtreɪsəz/

plural of “trace” — a just detectable amount

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

trampedverbUS /træmpt/

past form of “tramp” — travel on foot, especially on a walking expedition

From this reading Then when the bodies had been buried in a pit, the earth tramped down flat and solid, and cooking fires built over it to obliterate all traces of a grave, they would strike camp and go back the way they had come.

undoubtedlyadverbUS /ənˈdaʊtɪdli/

without doubt; certainly

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

villagenounUS /ˈvɪlədʒ/

a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading By the use of the strangling cloth there would be no outcry, no din of battle; they of the village would think that the camp was one of sleep.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Ajeet was opposed to the killing of Ragganath and his men, but Hunsa pointed out that it was the only way: they were either decoits or they were men of toil, men of peace.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When the merchant's tent had been erected, and he had gone to its shelter, the jamadars, sitting well beyond the reach of his ears, held a council of war.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Dead men were not given to carrying tales, and if no stir were made about the decoity until they were safely back in Karowlee they could enjoy the fruits Of their spoils, which would be, undoubtedly, great.

Chapter 8 of Caste by William Alexander Fraser holds 156 sentences, grouped into 32 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Caste contain?

Chapter 8 holds 156 sentences of Caste, unabridged, divided into 32 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Caste by William Alexander Fraser exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 156 sentences, grouped into 32 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Caste?

Work through the 32 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 32 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Caste

Common questions about reading Caste by William Alexander Fraser on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Caste?

Yes. All 3050 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #16752 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Caste is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #16752, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Caste take to read?

About 254 minutes of reading across 610 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Caste section by section

How to work through Caste section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 30 chapters of Caste to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Caste

Words and structures a reader meets early in Caste, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Three
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Caste; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mahrattas
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Caste; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sindhia
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Caste; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Holkar
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Caste; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.