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Caste
Caste

Chapter XXVIII · Chapter 28

Chapter 28 of Caste is here in full — 150 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/30 · 5 lines
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The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.
He rode in a brooding silence.
And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.
They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.
Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Caste

Chapter XXVIII · Chapter 28

Chapter 28 of Caste is here in full — 150 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/30 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.
Line 2
He rode in a brooding silence.
/hiː roʊd ɪn ə ˈbruːdɪŋ ˈsaɪ.ləns/
Line 3
And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.
Line 4
They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.
Line 5
Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

acacia noun US /əˈkeɪʃə/

any of various spiny trees or shrubs of the genus Acacia

From this reading “Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.”

bales noun US /beɪlz/

plural of “bale” — a large bundle bound for storage or transport

From this reading “Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.”

encased adjective US /enˈkeɪst/

covered or protected with or as if with a case

From this reading “The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.”

gravelly adjective US /ˈɡrævəli/

abounding in small stones

From this reading “And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.”

spiked adjective US /spaɪkt/

having a long sharp point

From this reading “Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.”

tribulation noun US /ˌtrɪbjəˈleɪʃən/

an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event

From this reading “The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.”

tufts noun US /tʌfts/

plural of “tuft” — a bunch of hair or feathers or growing grass

From this reading “Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.”

undulating verb US /ˈʌndʒəleɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “undulate” — stir up (water) so as to form ripples

From this reading “And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.”

All words in this reading · 104

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

acacianounUS /əˈkeɪʃə/

any of various spiny trees or shrubs of the genus Acacia

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

akinadjectiveUS /əˈkɪn/

similar in quality or character

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

ascentnounUS /əˈsent/

an upward slope or grade (as in a road)

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

babul

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

balesnounUS /beɪlz/

plural of “bale” — a large bundle bound for storage or transport

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

banksnounUS /bæŋks/

English botanist who accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage to the Pacific Ocean (1743-1820)

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

barnounUS /bɑːr/

a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

Barlow's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

basalticadjective

of or relating to or containing basalt

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

bednounUS /bed/

a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

branchesnounUS /ˈbræntʃəz/

plural of “branch” — a division of some larger or more complex organization

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

broodingnounUS /ˈbruːdɪŋ/

sitting on eggs so as to hatch them by the warmth of the body

From this reading He rode in a brooding silence.

buffalonounUS /ˈbʌfəloʊ/

large shaggy-haired brown bison of North American plains

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

cartsnounUS /kɑːrts/

plural of “cart” — a heavy open wagon usually having two wheels and drawn by an animal

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

colourisation

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

cottonnounUS /ˈkɑːtən/

soft silky fibers from cotton plants in their raw state

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

coververbUS /ˈkʌvər/

provide with a covering or cause to be covered

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

dottedadjectiveUS /ˈdɑːtəd/

having a pattern of dots

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

drivenadjectiveUS /ˈdrɪvən/

compelled forcibly by an outside agency

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

encasedadjectiveUS /enˈkeɪst/

covered or protected with or as if with a case

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

formationnounUS /fɔːrˈmeɪʃən/

an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

fringedadjective

surrounded as with a border or fringe; sometimes used in combination

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

gravellyadjectiveUS /ˈɡrævəli/

abounding in small stones

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

greennounUS /ɡriːn/

green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

groupsnounUS /ɡruːps/

plural of “group” — any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

Gulab

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He rode in a brooding silence.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

Jamadar's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

jamun

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

karonda

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

kowa

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

linedadjectiveUS /laɪnd/

bordered by a line of things

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

looseadjectiveUS /luːs/

not compact or dense in structure or arrangement

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

marketnounUS /ˈmɑːrkət/

the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

mhowa

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

mountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

nativesnounUS /ˈneɪtɪvz/

plural of “native” — an indigenous person who was born in a particular place

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

passverbUS /pæs/

go across or through

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

poolsnounUS /puːlz/

plural of “pool” — an excavation that is (usually) filled with water

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

pressedadjectiveUS /prest/

compacted by ironing

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

rednounUS /red/

red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

roadwaynounUS /ˈroʊdweɪ/

a road (especially that part of a road) over which vehicles travel

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

rocksnounUS /rɑːks/

plural of “rock” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

rodeverbUS /roʊd/

inflected form of “ride” — sit and travel on the back of animal, usually while controlling its motions

From this reading He rode in a brooding silence.

shallowadjectiveUS /ˈʃæloʊ/

lacking physical depth; having little spatial extension downward or inward from an outer surface or backward or outward from a center

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

silencenounUS /ˈsaɪ.ləns/

Complete absence of sound; a state of quietness and stillness.

From this reading He rode in a brooding silence.

sinisteradjectiveUS /ˈsɪnɪstər/

threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

skinnounUS /skɪn/

a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

spikedadjectiveUS /spaɪkt/

having a long sharp point

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

streamnounUS /striːm/

a natural body of running water flowing on or under the earth

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

thickadjectiveUS /θɪk/

not thin; of a specific thickness or of relatively great extent from one surface to the opposite usually in the smallest of the three solid dimensions

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

thiefnounUS /θiːf/

a criminal who takes property belonging to someone else with the intention of keeping it or selling it

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

thornsnounUS /θɔːrnz/

plural of “thorn” — something that causes irritation and annoyance

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

ThornyadjectiveUS /ˈθɔːrni/

bristling with perplexities

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

thrustverbUS /θrʌst/

push forcefully

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

tornadjectiveUS /tɔːrn/

having edges that are jagged from injury

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

towardprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrd/

in the direction of

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

tribulationnounUS /ˌtrɪbjəˈleɪʃən/

an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

tributenounUS /ˈtrɪbjuːt/

something given or done as an expression of esteem

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

tuftsnounUS /tʌfts/

plural of “tuft” — a bunch of hair or feathers or growing grass

From this reading Thorny _babul_ thrust their spiked branches out over the roadway, white with tufts of cotton torn by its thorns from bales, loose pressed, on their way to market in buffalo carts; "Babul the thief," the natives called this acacia.

undulatingverbUS /ˈʌndʒəleɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “undulate” — stir up (water) so as to form ripples

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

Vindhya

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading And now the way was one of ascent toward the pass through the Vindhya mountains; a red gravelly undulating formation had given place to basaltic rocks.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

wideadjectiveUS /waɪd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading They passed from groups of _mhowa_ trees and left behind a wide shallow stream, its bed dotted with pools fringed by great _kowa_ trees, and its banks lined by a thick green cover of _jamun_ and _karonda_.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading The Jamadar's tribute from man to man, one encased in a dark skin and one in a white, was akin to the tribulation that would not be driven from Barlow's mind over the Gulab, that in their case made the matter of a skin colourisation the bar sinister.

Chapter 28 of Caste by William Alexander Fraser holds 150 sentences, grouped into 30 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 28 of Caste contain?

Chapter 28 holds 150 sentences of Caste, unabridged, divided into 30 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 28 of Caste by William Alexander Fraser exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 150 sentences, grouped into 30 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 28 of Caste?

Work through the 30 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 30 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 28 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 28 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Caste

Common questions about reading Caste by William Alexander Fraser on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Caste?

Yes. All 3050 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #16752 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Caste is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #16752, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Caste take to read?

About 254 minutes of reading across 610 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Caste section by section

How to work through Caste section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 30 chapters of Caste to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Caste

Words and structures a reader meets early in Caste, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Three
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Caste; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mahrattas
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Caste; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sindhia
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Caste; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Holkar
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Caste; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.