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Chapters from My Autobiography
Chapters from My Autobiography

Chapter XI · Chapter 11

Chapter 11 of Chapters from My Autobiography is here in full — 426 sentences across 86 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/85 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
It is pathetic.
There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.
The _real_ principals in any duel are not the duellists themselves, but their families.
They do the mourning, the suffering, theirs is the loss and theirs the misery.
They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Chapters from My Autobiography

Chapter XI · Chapter 11

Chapter 11 of Chapters from My Autobiography is here in full — 426 sentences across 86 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/85 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
It is pathetic.
/ɪt ɪz pəˈθetɪk/
Line 2
There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.
Line 3
The _real_ principals in any duel are not the duellists themselves, but their families.
Line 4
They do the mourning, the suffering, theirs is the loss and theirs the misery.
/ðeɪ duː ðə ˈmɔːrnɪŋ ðə ˈsʌfərɪŋ ðerz ɪz ðə lɔːs ənd ðerz ðə ˈmɪzəri/
Line 5
They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

defect noun US /ˈdiːfekt/

an imperfection in a bodily system

From this reading “There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.”

duel noun US /ˈduːəl/

a prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people (accompanied by seconds) in order to settle a quarrel over a point of honor

From this reading “The _real_ principals in any duel are not the duellists themselves, but their families.”

duels noun US /ˈduːəlz/

plural of “duel” — a prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people (accompanied by seconds) in order to settle a quarrel over a point of honor

From this reading “There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.”

principals noun US /ˈprɪnsəpəlz/

plural of “principal” — the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated

From this reading “The _real_ principals in any duel are not the duellists themselves, but their families.”

representatives noun US /ˌreprəˈzentətɪvz/

plural of “representative” — a person who represents others

From this reading “There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.”

sham noun US /ʃæm/

something that is a counterfeit; not what it seems to be

From this reading “There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.”

stakes noun US /steɪks/

the money risked on a gamble

From this reading “They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.”

trivial adjective US /ˈtrɪviəl/

(informal) small and of little importance

From this reading “They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.”

All words in this reading · 66

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The _real_ principals in any duel are not the duellists themselves, but their families.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

comparedverbUS /kəmˈperd/

past form of “compare” — examine and note the similarities or differences of

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

costnounUS /kɑːst/

the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

defectnounUS /ˈdiːfekt/

an imperfection in a bodily system

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading They do the mourning, the suffering, theirs is the loss and theirs the misery.

duelnounUS /ˈduːəl/

a prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people (accompanied by seconds) in order to settle a quarrel over a point of honor

From this reading The _real_ principals in any duel are not the duellists themselves, but their families.

duellistnoun

a person who fights duels

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

duellists

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The _real_ principals in any duel are not the duellists themselves, but their families.

duelsnounUS /ˈduːəlz/

plural of “duel” — a prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people (accompanied by seconds) in order to settle a quarrel over a point of honor

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

ever-recurring

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

familiesnounUS /ˈfæməliz/

plural of “family” — a social unit living together

From this reading The _real_ principals in any duel are not the duellists themselves, but their families.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is pathetic.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is pathetic.

leavesnounUS /liːvz/

plural of “leaf” — the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

listverbUS /lɪst/

give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

lossnounUS /lɔːs/

something that is lost

From this reading They do the mourning, the suffering, theirs is the loss and theirs the misery.

miserynounUS /ˈmɪzəri/

a state of ill-being due to affliction or misfortune

From this reading They do the mourning, the suffering, theirs is the loss and theirs the misery.

mourningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

state of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved one

From this reading They do the mourning, the suffering, theirs is the loss and theirs the misery.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The _real_ principals in any duel are not the duellists themselves, but their families.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

patheticadjectiveUS /pəˈθetɪk/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading It is pathetic.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

principalsnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəlz/

plural of “principal” — the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

realadjectiveUS /riːl/

being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory

From this reading The _real_ principals in any duel are not the duellists themselves, but their families.

representativesnounUS /ˌreprəˈzentətɪvz/

plural of “representative” — a person who represents others

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

shamnounUS /ʃæm/

something that is a counterfeit; not what it seems to be

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

stakenounUS /steɪk/

(law) a right or legal share of something; a financial involvement with something

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

stakesnounUS /steɪks/

the money risked on a gamble

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

sufferingnounUS /ˈsʌfərɪŋ/

a state of acute pain

From this reading They do the mourning, the suffering, theirs is the loss and theirs the misery.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

theirspronounUS /ðerz/

the one or ones belonging to them

From this reading They do the mourning, the suffering, theirs is the loss and theirs the misery.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading The _real_ principals in any duel are not the duellists themselves, but their families.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There are other duels in my list, but I find in each and all of them one and the same ever-recurring defect--the _principals_ are never present, but only their sham representatives.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They do the mourning, the suffering, theirs is the loss and theirs the misery.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

trivialadjectiveUS /ˈtrɪviəl/

(informal) small and of little importance

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading They stake all that, the duellist stakes nothing but his life, and that is a trivial thing compared with what his death must cost those whom he leaves behind him.

Chapter 11 of Chapters from My Autobiography by Mark Twain holds 426 sentences, grouped into 86 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of Chapters from My Autobiography contain?

Chapter 11 holds 426 sentences of Chapters from My Autobiography, unabridged, divided into 86 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of Chapters from My Autobiography by Mark Twain exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 426 sentences, grouped into 86 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 11 of Chapters from My Autobiography?

Work through the 86 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 86 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 11 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #19987, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in Chapters from My Autobiography

Words and structures a reader meets early in Chapters from My Autobiography, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Dxcviii
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Chapters from My Autobiography; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Twain
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Chapters from My Autobiography; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Prefatory
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Chapters from My Autobiography; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Clemens
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Chapters from My Autobiography; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.