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Circle of Confusion
Circle of Confusion

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Circle of Confusion is here in full — 693 sentences across 139 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/138 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Pluto is a strange planet in many ways.
Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.
But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.
Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.
So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Circle of Confusion

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Circle of Confusion is here in full — 693 sentences across 139 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/138 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Pluto is a strange planet in many ways.
/ˈpluːtoʊ ɪz ə streɪndʒ ˈplænət ɪn ˈmeni weɪz/
Line 2
Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.
/pərˈhæps ɪt meɪ ˈiːvɪn biː klæst æz ə ˈmænmeɪd ˈplænət sɪns ɪf ɪt wɜːr nɑːt fɔːr mæn ənd hɪz wɜːrks ˈpluːtoʊ maɪt æz wel hæv ˈnevər bɪn/
Line 3
But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.
Line 4
Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.
/ðen mæn set ʌp ˈsɪtiz ənd sɪns ðə feɪs ʌv ˈpluːtoʊ hæd ˈnevər bɪn skɑːrd baɪ ˈeni kaɪnd ʌv ˌɪnˈtelədʒənt laɪf ðə ˈplænərz hæd ə friː ənd ˈoʊ.pən hænd/
Line 5
So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.
/soʊ jərˈeɪniəm wɑːz maɪnd nɪr ðə ˈriːdʒən noʊn ɑːn ðə pluːˈtoʊniən mæps æz ðə stɪks ˈvæli bʌt wɪtʃ wɪð ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪk læk ʌv ˈfɔːrsaɪt wɑːz əˈkrɔːs ðə ˈdevəlz ˈmaʊntənz frʌm ðə ˈrɪvər stɪks/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

man-made adjective US /ˈmænmeɪd/

not of natural origin; prepared or made artificially

From this reading “Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.”

mined adjective US /maɪnd/

extracted from a source of supply as of minerals from the earth

From this reading “So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.”

planners noun US /ˈplænərz/

plural of “planner” — a person who makes plans

From this reading “Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.”

Pluto's noun US /ˈpluːtoʊz/

possessive form of “pluto” — a cartoon character created by Walt Disney

From this reading “But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.”

Plutonian adjective US /pluːˈtoʊniən/

of or relating to or characteristic of Hades or Tartarus

From this reading “So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.”

shiploads noun US /ˈʃɪploʊdz/

plural of “shipload” — the amount of cargo that can be held by a boat or ship or a freight car

From this reading “But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.”

Styx noun US /stɪks/

(Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which Charon carried dead souls

From this reading “So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.”

uranium noun US /jərˈeɪniəm/

a heavy toxic silvery-white radioactive metallic element; occurs in many isotopes; used for nuclear fuels and nuclear weapons

From this reading “But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

many ways adjective + noun

In this reading “Pluto is a strange planet in many ways.”

set up verb + adjective

set up or found

In this reading “Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.”

All words in this reading · 88

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Pluto is a strange planet in many ways.

abundantadjectiveUS /əˈbʌndənt/

present in great quantity

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

acrossprepositionUS /əˈkrɔːs/

from one side of something to the other

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

atmospherenounUS /ˈætməsfɪr/

a particular environment or surrounding influence

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

breathable

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

changeverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

characteristicnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪk/

a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

citiesnounUS /ˈsɪtiz/

plural of “city” — a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

classedverbUS /klæst/

past form of “class” — arrange or order by classes or categories

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

Devil'snounUS /ˈdevəlz/

possessive form of “devil” — (Judeo-Christian and Islamic religions) chief spirit of evil and adversary of God; tempter of mankind; master of Hell

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

endowverbUS /enˈdaʊ/

give qualities or abilities to

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

foresightnounUS /ˈfɔːrsaɪt/

providence by virtue of planning prudently for the future

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

freeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

frozenadjectiveUS /ˈfroʊzən/

turned into ice; affected by freezing or by long and severe cold

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

gasesnounUS /ˈɡæsəz/

plural of “gas” — the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Pluto is a strange planet in many ways.

intelligentadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtelədʒənt/

having the capacity for thought and reason especially to a high degree

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Pluto is a strange planet in many ways.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

lacknounUS /læk/

the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

man-madeadjectiveUS /ˈmænmeɪd/

not of natural origin; prepared or made artificially

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Pluto is a strange planet in many ways.

mapsnounUS /mæps/

plural of “map” — a diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface (or part of it)

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

minedadjectiveUS /maɪnd/

extracted from a source of supply as of minerals from the earth

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

MountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

openverbUS /ˈoʊ.pən/

To move from a closed position.

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

PerhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

planetnounUS /ˈplænət/

(astronomy) any of the nine large celestial bodies in the solar system that revolve around the sun and shine by reflected light

From this reading Pluto is a strange planet in many ways.

plannersnounUS /ˈplænərz/

plural of “planner” — a person who makes plans

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

PlutonounUS /ˈpluːtoʊ/

a cartoon character created by Walt Disney

From this reading Pluto is a strange planet in many ways.

Pluto'snounUS /ˈpluːtoʊz/

possessive form of “pluto” — a cartoon character created by Walt Disney

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

PlutonianadjectiveUS /pluːˈtoʊniən/

of or relating to or characteristic of Hades or Tartarus

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

regionnounUS /ˈriːdʒən/

the extended spatial location of something

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

RivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

scarredadjectiveUS /skɑːrd/

deeply affected or marked by mental or physical pain or injury

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

shiploadsnounUS /ˈʃɪploʊdz/

plural of “shipload” — the amount of cargo that can be held by a boat or ship or a freight car

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

SoconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

strangeadjectiveUS /streɪndʒ/

being definitely out of the ordinary and unexpected; slightly odd or even a bit weird

From this reading Pluto is a strange planet in many ways.

StyxnounUS /stɪks/

(Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which Charon carried dead souls

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

transportingverbUS /trænˈspɔːrtɪŋ/

-ing form of “transport” — move something or somebody around; usually over long distances

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

ultra-frigidity

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

Umbriel

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Then man set up cities, and since the face of Pluto had never been scarred by any kind of intelligent life, the planners had a free and open hand.

uraniumnounUS /jərˈeɪniəm/

a heavy toxic silvery-white radioactive metallic element; occurs in many isotopes; used for nuclear fuels and nuclear weapons

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

ValleynounUS /ˈvæli/

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

waysnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading Pluto is a strange planet in many ways.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading So uranium was mined near the region known on the Plutonian maps as _The Styx Valley_, but which, with characteristic lack of foresight, was across the Devil's Mountains from the River Styx.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading But Pluto was found abundant in uranium, and then came man to change the ultra-frigidity of Pluto's surface, and to endow Pluto with a breathable atmosphere by transporting great shiploads of the frozen gases found on Umbriel.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading Perhaps it may even be classed as a "man-made" planet, since if it were not for man and his works, Pluto might as well have never been.

Chapter 1 of Circle of Confusion by George O. (George Oliver) Smith holds 693 sentences, grouped into 139 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Circle of Confusion contain?

Chapter 1 holds 693 sentences of Circle of Confusion, unabridged, divided into 139 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Circle of Confusion by George O. (George Oliver) Smith exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 693 sentences, grouped into 139 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Circle of Confusion?

Work through the 139 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 139 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Circle of Confusion

Common questions about reading Circle of Confusion by George O. (George Oliver) Smith on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Circle of Confusion?

Yes. All 693 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #68208 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Circle of Confusion is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #68208, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Circle of Confusion take to read?

About 57 minutes of reading across 139 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Circle of Confusion section by section

How to work through Circle of Confusion section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 1 chapters of Circle of Confusion to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Circle of Confusion

Words and structures a reader meets early in Circle of Confusion, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Pluto
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Circle of Confusion; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Strange
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Circle of Confusion; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Planet
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Circle of Confusion; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Perhaps
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Circle of Confusion; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.