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Great Expectations
Great Expectations

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of Great Expectations is here in full — 89 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/17 · 5 lines
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On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.
The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.
My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.
Several curious little circumstances transpired as the action proceeded.
The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Great Expectations

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of Great Expectations is here in full — 89 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/17 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.
Line 2
The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.
Line 3
My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.
/maɪ ˈɡɪftəd ˈtaʊnzmən stʊd ˈɡluːməli əˈpɑːrt wɪð ˈfoʊldəd ɑːrmz ənd aɪ kʊd hæv wɪʃt ðæt hɪz kɜːrlz ənd ˈfɔːrhed hæd bɪn mɔːr ˈprɑːbəbəl/
Line 4
Several curious little circumstances transpired as the action proceeded.
/ˈsevrəl ˈkjʊriəs ˈlɪtəl ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz trænˈspaɪərd æz ðə ˈækʃən prəˈsiːdɪd/
Line 5
The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.
/ðə leɪt kɪŋ ʌv ðə ˈkʌntri nɑːt ˈoʊnli əˈpɪrd tuː hæv bɪn ˈtrʌbəld wɪð ə kɑːf æt ðə taɪm ʌv hɪz dɪˈsiːs bʌt tuː hæv ˈteɪkən ɪt wɪð hɪm tuː ðə tuːm ənd tuː hæv brɔːt ɪt bæk/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

ancestor noun US /ˈænsestər/

someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent)

From this reading “The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.”

comb verb US /koʊm/

straighten with a comb

From this reading “The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.”

Danish noun US /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/

a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark

From this reading “The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.”

decease noun US /dɪˈsiːs/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading “The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.”

Denmark noun US /ˈdenmɑːrk/

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

From this reading “On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.”

gifted adjective US /ˈɡɪftəd/

endowed with talent or talents

From this reading “My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.”

townsman noun US /ˈtaʊnzmən/

a person from the same town as yourself

From this reading “My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.”

transpired verb US /trænˈspaɪərd/

past form of “transpire” — pass through the tissue or substance or its pores or interstices, as of gas

From this reading “Several curious little circumstances transpired as the action proceeded.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

folded arms noun + noun counted as “fold arms”

In this reading “My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.”

white silk noun + noun

In this reading “The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.”

consisting of verb + particle counted as “consist of”

In this reading “The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.”

in attendance preposition + noun

In this reading “The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.”

at the time preposition + article + noun counted as “at … time”

simultaneously

In this reading “The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.”

with folded preposition + noun counted as “with fold”

In this reading “My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.”

All words in this reading · 99

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

actionnounUS /ˈækʃən/

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

From this reading Several curious little circumstances transpired as the action proceeded.

ancestornounUS /ˈænsestər/

someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent)

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

apartadverbUS /əˈpɑːrt/

separated or at a distance in place or position or time

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

appearancenounUS /əˈpɪrəns/

outward or visible aspect of a person or thing

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

appearedverbUS /əˈpɪrd/

past form of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

arm-chairs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

armsnounUS /ɑːrmz/

weapons considered collectively

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

arrivalnounUS /ərˈaɪvəl/

accomplishment of an objective

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Several curious little circumstances transpired as the action proceeded.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

attendancenounUS /əˈtendəns/

the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

bootsnounUS /buːts/

plural of “boot” — footwear that covers the whole foot and lower leg

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

boynounUS /bɔɪ/

a youthful male person

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

chivalrynounUS /ˈʃɪvəlri/

courtesy towards women

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

circumstancesnounUS /ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz/

your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)

From this reading Several curious little circumstances transpired as the action proceeded.

combverbUS /koʊm/

straighten with a comb

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

consistingverbUS /kənˈsɪstɪŋ/

-ing form of “consist” — originate

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

coughverbUS /kɑːf/

exhale abruptly, as when one has a chest cold or congestion

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

CourtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

curiousadjectiveUS /ˈkjʊriəs/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading Several curious little circumstances transpired as the action proceeded.

curlsnounUS /kɜːrlz/

plural of “curl” — a round shape formed by a series of concentric circles (as formed by leaves or flower petals)

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

DanishnounUS /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/

a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

deceasenounUS /dɪˈsiːs/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

DenmarknounUS /ˈdenmɑːrk/

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

dirtyadjectiveUS /ˈdɜːrti/

soiled or likely to soil with dirt or grime

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

elevatedadjectiveUS /ˈeləveɪtɪd/

raised above the ground

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

feminineadjectiveUS /ˈfemənən/

associated with women and not with men

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

foldedverbUS /ˈfoʊldəd/

past form of “fold” — bend or lay so that one part covers the other

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

foreheadnounUS /ˈfɔːrhed/

the part of the face above the eyes

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

giftedadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪftəd/

endowed with talent or talents

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

giganticadjectiveUS /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/

so exceedingly large or extensive as to suggest a giant or mammoth

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

gloomilyadverbUS /ˈɡluːməli/

with gloom

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

hairnounUS /her/

a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

holdingnounUS /ˈhoʊldɪŋ/

the act of retaining something

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

kitchen-table

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

legsnounUS /leɡz/

staying power

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Several curious little circumstances transpired as the action proceeded.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

MydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

nobilitynounUS /noʊˈbɪləti/

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

pairnounUS /per/

a set of two similar things considered as a unit

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

PeernounUS /pɪr/

a person who is of equal standing with another in a group

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

presentingverbUS /prɪˈzentɪŋ/

-ing form of “present” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

probableadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːbəbəl/

likely but not certain to be or become true or real

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

proceededverbUS /prəˈsiːdɪd/

past form of “proceed” — continue talking

From this reading Several curious little circumstances transpired as the action proceeded.

queennounUS /kwiːn/

the only fertile female in a colony of social insects such as bees and ants and termites; its function is to lay eggs

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

risenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪzən/

(of e.g. celestial bodies) above the horizon

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

SeveraladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading Several curious little circumstances transpired as the action proceeded.

silknounUS /sɪlk/

a fabric made from the fine threads produced by certain insect larvae

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

tombnounUS /tuːm/

a place for the burial of a corpse (especially beneath the ground and marked by a tombstone)

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

townsmannounUS /ˈtaʊnzmən/

a person from the same town as yourself

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

transpiredverbUS /trænˈspaɪərd/

past form of “transpire” — pass through the tissue or substance or its pores or interstices, as of gas

From this reading Several curious little circumstances transpired as the action proceeded.

troubledadjectiveUS /ˈtrʌbəld/

characterized by or indicative of distress or affliction or danger or need

From this reading The late king of the country not only appeared to have been troubled with a cough at the time of his decease, but to have taken it with him to the tomb, and to have brought it back.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

venerableadjectiveUS /ˈvenərəbəl/

impressive by reason of age

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

wash-leather

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading On our arrival in Denmark, we found the king and queen of that country elevated in two arm-chairs on a kitchen-table, holding a Court.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

wishedverbUS /wɪʃt/

past form of “wish” — hope for; have a wish

From this reading My gifted townsman stood gloomily apart, with folded arms, and I could have wished that his curls and forehead had been more probable.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The whole of the Danish nobility were in attendance; consisting of a noble boy in the wash-leather boots of a gigantic ancestor, a venerable Peer with a dirty face who seemed to have risen from the people late in life, and the Danish chivalry with a comb in its hair and a pair of white silk legs, and presenting on the whole a feminine appearance.

Chapter 31 of Great Expectations by Charles Dickens holds 89 sentences, grouped into 18 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Great Expectations contain?

Chapter 31 holds 89 sentences of Great Expectations, unabridged, divided into 18 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Great Expectations by Charles Dickens exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 89 sentences, grouped into 18 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Great Expectations?

Work through the 18 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 18 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Great Expectations

Common questions about reading Great Expectations by Charles Dickens on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Great Expectations?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Great Expectations is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Great Expectations take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Great Expectations section by section

How to work through Great Expectations section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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Vocabulary met early in Great Expectations

Words and structures a reader meets early in Great Expectations, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of Great Expectations, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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