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Cliges: A Romance
Cliges: A Romance

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of Cliges: A Romance is here in full — 141 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/28 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.
He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.
He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.
Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.
His hair seemed like fine gold and his face a fresh-blown rose.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Cliges: A Romance

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of Cliges: A Romance is here in full — 141 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/28 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.
Line 2
He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.
/hiː wɑːz ɪn ðə ˈflaʊər ʌv hɪz juːθ fɔːr hiː wɑːz əˈbaʊt fɪfˈtiːn jɪrz oʊld/
Line 3
He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.
Line 4
Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.
Line 5
His hair seemed like fine gold and his face a fresh-blown rose.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

comely adjective US /ˈkʌmli/

according with custom or propriety

From this reading “He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.”

copper noun US /ˈkɑːpər/

a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element; occurs in various minerals but is the only metal that occurs abundantly in large masses; used as an electrical and thermal conductor

From this reading “Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.”

elm noun US /elm/

any of various trees of the genus Ulmus: important timber or shade trees

From this reading “He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.”

fairer adjective US /ˈferər/

comparative of “fair” — free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading “He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.”

limn verb US /lɪm/

trace the shape of

From this reading “To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.”

Narcissus noun US /nɑːrˈsɪsəs/

bulbous plant having erect linear leaves and showy yellow or white flowers either solitary or in clusters

From this reading “He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.”

surpasses verb US /sərˈpæsɪz/

third-person singular of “surpass” — distinguish oneself

From this reading “Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.”

traits noun US /treɪts/

plural of “trait” — a distinguishing feature of your personal nature

From this reading “To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

beautynounUS /ˈbjuːti/

the qualities that give pleasure to the senses

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

brieflyadverbUS /ˈbriːfli/

for a short time

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

Cliges

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

comelyadjectiveUS /ˈkʌmli/

according with custom or propriety

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

coppernounUS /ˈkɑːpər/

a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element; occurs in various minerals but is the only metal that occurs abundantly in large masses; used as an electrical and thermal conductor

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

describeverbUS /dɪˈskraɪb/

give a description of

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

diedverbUS /daɪd/

past form of “die” — pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

elmnounUS /elm/

any of various trees of the genus Ulmus: important timber or shade trees

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading His hair seemed like fine gold and his face a fresh-blown rose.

faireradjectiveUS /ˈferər/

comparative of “fair” — free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

fifteennounUS /fɪfˈtiːn/

the cardinal number that is the sum of fourteen and one

From this reading He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.

fineadjectiveUS /faɪn/

being satisfactory or in satisfactory condition

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

flowernounUS /ˈflaʊər/

a plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms

From this reading He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.

folknounUS /foʊk/

people in general (often used in the plural)

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.

fountainnounUS /ˈfaʊntən/

a structure from which an artificially produced jet of water arises

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

fresh-blown

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His hair seemed like fine gold and his face a fresh-blown rose.

goldnounUS /ɡoʊld/

coins made of gold

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

greateradjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtər/

greater in size or importance or degree

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

hairnounUS /her/

a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss

From this reading His hair seemed like fine gold and his face a fresh-blown rose.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading His hair seemed like fine gold and his face a fresh-blown rose.

limnverbUS /lɪm/

trace the shape of

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

lovedadjectiveUS /lʌvd/

held dear

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

NarcissusnounUS /nɑːrˈsɪsəs/

bulbous plant having erect linear leaves and showy yellow or white flowers either solitary or in clusters

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

portraitnounUS /ˈpɔːrtrət/

a word picture of a person's appearance and character

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

reflectionnounUS /rɪˈflekʃən/

a calm, lengthy, intent consideration

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

rosenounUS /roʊz/

any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading His hair seemed like fine gold and his face a fresh-blown rose.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading His hair seemed like fine gold and his face a fresh-blown rose.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

storenounUS /stɔːr/

a mercantile establishment for the retail sale of goods or services

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

surpassesverbUS /sərˈpæsɪz/

third-person singular of “surpass” — distinguish oneself

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

toldverbUS /toʊld/

inflected form of “tell” — express in words

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

traitsnounUS /treɪts/

plural of “trait” — a distinguishing feature of your personal nature

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading He was fairer and more comely than Narcissus' who saw his own reflection in the fountain beneath the elm, and loved it so much when he saw it that he died--so folk say--because he could not have it.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

witnounUS /wɪt/

a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Much beauty had he, and little wit, but Cliges had greater store of both, just as fine gold surpasses copper, and yet more than I can say.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading To describe the beauty of Cliges I will limn you a portrait, the traits of which shall be very briefly told.

youthnounUS /juːθ/

a young person (especially a young man or boy)

From this reading He was in the flower of his youth, for he was about fifteen years old.

Chapter 7 of Cliges: A Romance by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien holds 141 sentences, grouped into 29 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of Cliges: A Romance contain?

Chapter 7 holds 141 sentences of Cliges: A Romance, unabridged, divided into 29 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of Cliges: A Romance by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 141 sentences, grouped into 29 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of Cliges: A Romance?

Work through the 29 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 29 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Cliges: A Romance

Common questions about reading Cliges: A Romance by de Troyes, active 12th century Chrétien on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Cliges: A Romance?

Yes. All 1980 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2414 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Cliges: A Romance is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #2414, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Cliges: A Romance take to read?

About 165 minutes of reading across 396 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Cliges: A Romance section by section

How to work through Cliges: A Romance section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Cliges: A Romance

Words and structures a reader meets early in Cliges: A Romance, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Trans
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cliges: A Romance; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Gardiner
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cliges: A Romance; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Hundred
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cliges: A Romance; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fifty
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cliges: A Romance; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.