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Clio
Clio

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Clio is here in full — 425 sentences across 85 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/85 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.
By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.
Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.
He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.
This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Clio

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Clio is here in full — 425 sentences across 85 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/85 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.
Line 2
By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.
/baɪ ðiːz ˈmerətaɪm ˌekspəˈdɪʃənz ðeɪ ɡeɪnd ɡreɪt pəˈzeʃənz ənd ə pəˈkjuːljər ˈkwɑːləti ʌv maɪnd ə ˈkræfti ənd ɑːˈdeɪʃəs ˈspɪrət wɪtʃ meɪ biː dɪˈsɜːrnd ɪn ðer dɪˈsendənts/
Line 3
Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.
Line 4
He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.
Line 5
This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

audacious adjective US /ɑːˈdeɪʃəs/

invulnerable to fear or intimidation

From this reading “By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.”

descendants noun US /dɪˈsendənts/

all of the offspring of a given progenitor

From this reading “By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.”

discerned verb US /dɪˈsɜːrnd/

past form of “discern” — detect with the senses

From this reading “By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.”

expeditions noun US /ˌekspəˈdɪʃənz/

plural of “expedition” — a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country

From this reading “By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.”

maritime adjective US /ˈmerətaɪm/

relating to or involving ships or shipping or navigation or seamen

From this reading “By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.”

Nantes noun US /nænts/

a port city in western France on the Loire estuary

From this reading “The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.”

sixteenth adjective US /sɪkˈstiːnθ/

coming next after the fifteenth in position

From this reading “The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.”

traded verb US /ˈtreɪdɪd/

past form of “trade” — engage in the trade of

From this reading “The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

sixteenth century adjective + noun

In this reading “The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.”

peculiar quality adjective + noun

In this reading “By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.”

third son noun + noun

In this reading “He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.”

All words in this reading · 74

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1615

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.

AmbassadornounUS /æmˈbæsədər/

a diplomat of the highest rank; accredited as representative from one country to another

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.

audaciousadjectiveUS /ɑːˈdeɪʃəs/

invulnerable to fear or intimidation

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

becameverbUS /bɪˈkeɪm/

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

citizensnounUS /ˈsɪtəzənz/

plural of “citizen” — a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

concernedadjectiveUS /kənˈsɜːrnd/

feeling or showing worry or solicitude

From this reading Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.

Councillornoun

a member of a council

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

craftyadjectiveUS /ˈkræfti/

marked by skill in deception

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

daughtersnounUS /ˈdɔːtərz/

plural of “daughter” — a female human offspring

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

descendantsnounUS /dɪˈsendənts/

all of the offspring of a given progenitor

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

discernedverbUS /dɪˈsɜːrnd/

past form of “discern” — detect with the senses

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

expeditionsnounUS /ˌekspəˈdɪʃənz/

plural of “expedition” — a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

Foucquet

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.

Foucquets

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

François

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

gainedverbUS /ɡeɪnd/

past form of “gain” — obtain

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

IndiesnounUS /ˈɪndiz/

plural of “indie” — a pop group not affiliated with a major record company

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

King'snounUS /kɪŋz/

possessive form of “king” — a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

Manpeou

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

Marie

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

maritimeadjectiveUS /ˈmerətaɪm/

relating to or involving ships or shipping or navigation or seamen

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

NantesnounUS /nænts/

a port city in western France on the Loire estuary

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

Nicolas

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

originallyadverbUS /ərˈɪdʒənəli/

in an original manner

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

ParisnounUS /ˈperɪs/

the capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

ParliamentnounUS /ˈpɑːrləmənt/

a legislative assembly in certain countries

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

peculiaradjectiveUS /pəˈkjuːljər/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

possessionsnounUS /pəˈzeʃənz/

plural of “possession” — the act of having and controlling property

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

purchasedverbUS /ˈpɜːrtʃəst/

past form of “purchase” — obtain by purchase; acquire by means of a financial transaction

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

qualitynounUS /ˈkwɑːləti/

an essential and distinguishing attribute of something or someone

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

Rennes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

sixnounUS /sɪks/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

sixteenthadjectiveUS /sɪkˈstiːnθ/

coming next after the fifteenth in position

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

sonsnounUS /sʌnz/

plural of “son” — a male human offspring

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

StatenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

SwitzerlandnounUS /ˈswɪtsərlənd/

a landlocked federal republic in central Europe

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

thirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

tradedverbUS /ˈtreɪdɪd/

past form of “trade” — engage in the trade of

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

twelvenounUS /twelv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

WestnounUS /west/

the countries of (originally) Europe and (now including) North America and South America

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading By these maritime expeditions they gained great possessions and a peculiar quality of mind, a crafty and audacious spirit which may be discerned in their descendants.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading This François Foucquet, originally councillor in the Rennes Parliament, purchased a place in the Paris Parliament, became a Councillor of State, and was for a while Ambassador in Switzerland.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading He was the third son of François Foucquet, a King's Councillor, and of Marie Manpeou, who had twelve children, six sons and six daughters.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Nicolas Foucquet, with whom alone we are concerned here, was born in 1615.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The Foucquets were citizens of Nantes, and in the sixteenth century they traded with the West Indies.

Chapter 4 of Clio by Anatole France holds 425 sentences, grouped into 85 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Clio contain?

Chapter 4 holds 425 sentences of Clio, unabridged, divided into 85 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Clio by Anatole France exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 425 sentences, grouped into 85 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Clio?

Work through the 85 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 85 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Clio

Common questions about reading Clio by Anatole France on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Clio?

Yes. All 2879 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #50670 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Clio is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #50670, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Clio take to read?

About 239 minutes of reading across 576 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Clio section by section

How to work through Clio section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 7 chapters of Clio to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Clio

Words and structures a reader meets early in Clio, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Vicomte
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Clio; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Translation
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Clio; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Sumptuously
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Clio; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Illustrated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Clio; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.