Chapter V · Chapter 5

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

later than; following

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

(used of persons or the military) characterized by having or bearing arms

From this reading Warders armed to the teeth were arranging gangs that were to go out to labor on the roads.

the act of arranging and adapting a piece of music

From this reading Warders armed to the teeth were arranging gangs that were to go out to labor on the roads.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

a formal organization of people or groups of people

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

the past participle of “be”

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

past form of “behave” — behave in a certain manner; show a certain behavior; conduct or comport oneself

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

a committee having supervisory powers

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

-ing form of “brutalize” — treat brutally

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

bound with chains

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

a person who is in charge

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

the person or thing chosen or selected

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

plural of “companion” — a friend who is frequently in the company of another

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

in a relative manner; by comparison to something else

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

carefully weighed

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

a person serving a sentence in a jail or prison

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

plural of “convict” — a person serving a sentence in a jail or prison

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

plural of “criminal” — someone who has committed a crime or has been legally convicted of a crime

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

the quality of being unlike or dissimilar

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

showing or indicating careful judgment and discernment especially in matters of taste

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

having made preparations

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

your usual mood

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

plural of “distinction” — a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

remove completely from recognition or memory

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

have as a logical consequence

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

plural of “face” — the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

firmly closed or secured

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

the basis on which something is grounded

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

plural of “gang” — an association of criminals

From this reading Warders armed to the teeth were arranging gangs that were to go out to labor on the roads.

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading Warders armed to the teeth were arranging gangs that were to go out to labor on the roads.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

used of persons; emotionally hardened

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

the quality of being humane

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

metal shackles; for hands or legs

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

past form of “judge” — determine the result of (a competition)

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading Warders armed to the teeth were arranging gangs that were to go out to labor on the roads.

referring to the second of two things or persons mentioned (or the last one or ones of several)

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

a human limb; commonly used to refer to a whole limb but technically only the part of the limb between the knee and ankle

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

a person who loves someone or is loved by someone

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

attach a tag or label to

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

the force of workers available

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

used to form the superlative

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

to a great degree or extent

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

plural of “offense” — a lack of politeness; a failure to show regard for others; wounding the feelings or others

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Warders armed to the teeth were arranging gangs that were to go out to labor on the roads.

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Warders armed to the teeth were arranging gangs that were to go out to labor on the roads.

of or relating to punishment

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

affording pleasure; being in harmony with your taste or likings

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

plural of “power” — possession of controlling influence

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

plural of “prisoner” — a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

the act of punishing

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

a partly sheltered anchorage

From this reading Warders armed to the teeth were arranging gangs that were to go out to labor on the roads.

the place where some action occurs

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

transport commercially

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

a deliberate discourteous act (usually as an expression of anger or disapproval)

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

the largest Australian city located in southeastern Australia on the Tasman Sea; state capital of New South Wales; Australia's chief port

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

the kind and number and arrangement of teeth (collectively) in a person or animal

From this reading Warders armed to the teeth were arranging gangs that were to go out to labor on the roads.

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Warders armed to the teeth were arranging gangs that were to go out to labor on the roads.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

for that reason; as a result

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

showing fear and lack of confidence

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

(informal) small and of little importance

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

a source of difficulty

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

not bound by shackles and chains

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

(of linens or clothes) not ironed

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

an act of traveling by water

From this reading The voyage on board ship had done much to efface distinctions, the convict life had done more, and the chief difference between the chained and unchained prisoners was that the latter were men of more timid disposition than many of their companions, and therefore less disposed to give trouble that would entail heavy punishment.

plural of “warder” — a person who works in a prison and is in charge of prisoners

From this reading Warders armed to the teeth were arranging gangs that were to go out to labor on the roads.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Warders armed to the teeth were arranging gangs that were to go out to labor on the roads.

used to ask for information about something

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

which person or people

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

actively engaged in paid work

From this reading Many of the convicts had leg irons, but so fastened as to be but slight hindrance to their working powers, but the majority were unironed.

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading These were the better behaved convicts; not that this would be judged from their faces, for the brutalizing nature of the system and the close association of criminals had placed its mark on all, and it would have been difficult for the most discriminating to have made any choice between the most hardened criminals and those who had been sent out for what would now be considered comparatively trivial offenses.

a unit of length equal to 3 feet; defined as 91.44 centimeters; originally taken to be the average length of a stride

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.

a late time of life

From this reading The scene in the convict yard at Sydney, five years after its foundation as a penal settlement, was not a pleasant one to the lover of humanity.