Learn English through classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Confessions and Criticisms
Confessions and Criticisms

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Confessions and Criticisms is here in full — 309 sentences across 62 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Confessions and Criticisms
Context Illustration Reading 1/61 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
NOVELS AND AGNOSTICISM.
The novel of our times is susceptible of many definitions.
The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.
Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.
The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Confessions and Criticisms

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Confessions and Criticisms is here in full — 309 sentences across 62 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/61 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
NOVELS AND AGNOSTICISM.
Line 2
The novel of our times is susceptible of many definitions.
/ðə ˈnɑːvəl ʌv ˈaʊər taɪmz ɪz səˈseptəbəl ʌv ˈmeni ˌdefəˈnɪʃənz/
Line 3
The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.
Line 4
Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.
Line 5
The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.
/ðə ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi ʌv ˈkʌltʃər dɪˈskraɪb ɪt æz ə ˌfɪləˈsɑːfɪk əˈnæləsəs ʌv ˈhjuːmən ˈkerɪktər ənd ˈmoʊtɪvz wɪð æn æɡˈnɑːstɪk ˈbaɪəs ɑːn ðə ˈænəlɪsts pɑːrt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

agnostic noun US /æɡˈnɑːstɪk/

someone who is doubtful or noncommittal about something

From this reading “The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.”

analyst's noun US /ˈænəlɪsts/

possessive form of “analyst” — someone who is skilled at analyzing data

From this reading “The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.”

bias noun US /ˈbaɪəs/

a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation

From this reading “The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.”

definitions noun US /ˌdefəˈnɪʃənz/

plural of “definition” — a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol

From this reading “The novel of our times is susceptible of many definitions.”

Ledger noun US /ˈledʒər/

a record in which commercial accounts are recorded

From this reading “Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.”

libraries noun US /ˈlaɪbreriːz/

plural of “library” — a room where books are kept

From this reading “The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.”

pirated verb US /ˈpaɪrətɪd/

past form of “pirate” — copy illegally; of published material

From this reading “The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.”

satanic adjective US /səˈtænɪk/

extremely evil or cruel; expressive of cruelty or befitting hell

From this reading “Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.”

All words in this reading · 60

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

agnosticnounUS /æɡˈnɑːstɪk/

someone who is doubtful or noncommittal about something

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

AGNOSTICISMnoun

a religious orientation of doubt; a denial of ultimate knowledge of the existence of God

From this reading NOVELS AND AGNOSTICISM.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

analysisnounUS /əˈnæləsəs/

an investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

analyst'snounUS /ˈænəlɪsts/

possessive form of “analyst” — someone who is skilled at analyzing data

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading NOVELS AND AGNOSTICISM.

angelicadjectiveUS /ˌænˈdʒelɪk/

marked by utter benignity; resembling or befitting an angel or saint

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

aristocracynounUS /ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi/

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

biasnounUS /ˈbaɪəs/

a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

culturenounUS /ˈkʌltʃər/

a particular society at a particular time and place

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

definitionsnounUS /ˌdefəˈnɪʃənz/

plural of “definition” — a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol

From this reading The novel of our times is susceptible of many definitions.

describeverbUS /dɪˈskraɪb/

give a description of

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

double-column

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

fictionnounUS /ˈfɪkʃən/

a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

fiftynounUS /ˈfɪfti/

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and five

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

fortyadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrti/

being ten more than thirty

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The novel of our times is susceptible of many definitions.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

LedgernounUS /ˈledʒər/

a record in which commercial accounts are recorded

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

librariesnounUS /ˈlaɪbreriːz/

plural of “library” — a room where books are kept

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading The novel of our times is susceptible of many definitions.

motivesnounUS /ˈmoʊtɪvz/

plural of “motive” — the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

novelnounUS /ˈnɑːvəl/

an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading The novel of our times is susceptible of many definitions.

NOVELSnounUS /ˈnɑːvəlz/

plural of “novel” — an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading NOVELS AND AGNOSTICISM.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The novel of our times is susceptible of many definitions.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The novel of our times is susceptible of many definitions.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

pagesnounUS /ˈpeɪdʒəz/

plural of “page” — one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

philosophicadjectiveUS /ˌfɪləˈsɑːfɪk/

of or relating to philosophy or philosophers

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

piratedverbUS /ˈpaɪrətɪd/

past form of “pirate” — copy illegally; of published material

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

publishersnounUS /ˈpʌblɪʃərz/

plural of “publisher” — a firm in the publishing business

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

RailwaynounUS /ˈreɪlweɪ/

line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a system of transportation for trains that pull passengers or freight

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

ReadersnounUS /ˈriːdərz/

plural of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

romancenounUS /roʊˈmæns/

a relationship between two lovers

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

satanicadjectiveUS /səˈtænɪk/

extremely evil or cruel; expressive of cruelty or befitting hell

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

supposeverbUS /səˈpoʊz/

express a supposition

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

susceptibleadjectiveUS /səˈseptəbəl/

(often followed by “of” or “to”) yielding readily to or capable of

From this reading The novel of our times is susceptible of many definitions.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The novel of our times is susceptible of many definitions.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading The American publishers of Railway libraries think that it is forty or fifty double-column pages of pirated English fiction.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading The novel of our times is susceptible of many definitions.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

triumphantadjectiveUS /traɪˈʌmfənt/

joyful and proud especially because of triumph or success

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

villany

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

virtuenounUS /ˈvɝː.tʃuː/

Moral excellence and goodness of character; the highest human attainment in Stoic philosophy.

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The aristocracy of culture describe it as a philosophic analysis of human character and motives, with an agnostic bias on the analyst's part.

YorknounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading Readers of the "New York Ledger" suppose it to be a romance of angelic virtue at last triumphant over satanic villany.

Chapter 1 of Confessions and Criticisms by Julian Hawthorne holds 309 sentences, grouped into 62 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Confessions and Criticisms contain?

Chapter 1 holds 309 sentences of Confessions and Criticisms, unabridged, divided into 62 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Confessions and Criticisms by Julian Hawthorne exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 309 sentences, grouped into 62 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Confessions and Criticisms?

Work through the 62 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 62 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Confessions and Criticisms

Common questions about reading Confessions and Criticisms by Julian Hawthorne on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Confessions and Criticisms?

Yes. All 1728 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #7431 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Confessions and Criticisms is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #7431, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Confessions and Criticisms take to read?

About 144 minutes of reading across 346 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Confessions and Criticisms section by section

How to work through Confessions and Criticisms section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Confessions and Criticisms to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Confessions and Criticisms

Words and structures a reader meets early in Confessions and Criticisms, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Novels
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Confessions and Criticisms; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Agnosticism
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Confessions and Criticisms; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Novel
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Confessions and Criticisms; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Times
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Confessions and Criticisms; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.