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Confessions and Criticisms
Confessions and Criticisms

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Confessions and Criticisms is here in full — 288 sentences across 58 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/57 · 5 lines
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EMERSON AS AN AMERICAN.
It is not with Americans as with other peoples.
Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.
I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.
The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Confessions and Criticisms

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Confessions and Criticisms is here in full — 288 sentences across 58 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/57 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
EMERSON AS AN AMERICAN.
/ˈemərsən æz æn əˈmerəkən/
Line 2
It is not with Americans as with other peoples.
/ɪt ɪz nɑːt wɪð əˈmerəkənz æz wɪð ˈʌðər ˈpiːpəlz/
Line 3
Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.
/ˈaʊər pəˈzɪʃən ɪz mɔːr veɪɡ ənd ˈdɪfəkəlt bɪˈkɔːz ɪt ɪz nɑːt praɪˈmerəli rɪˈleɪtɪd tuː ðə ˈsensɪz/
Line 4
I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.
/aɪ kæn ˈiːzəli faɪnd aʊt wer ˈɪŋɡlənd ɔːr ˈprʌʃə ɪz ənd ˈrekəɡnaɪz æn ˈɪŋɡlɪʃmən ɔːr ˈdʒɜːrmən wen wiː miːt bʌt wiː əˈmerəkənz ɑːr nɑːt tuː ðə seɪm ɪkˈstent æz ðiːz ˈlɪmətəd baɪ ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkəl ənd ˈfɪzɪkəl ˈbaʊndəriz/
Line 5
The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.
/ðə ˈɔːrədʒən ʌv əˈmerəkə wɑːz nɑːt laɪk ðæt ʌv ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiːən ˈneɪʃənz ðə ˈlætər wɜːr bɔːrn ˈæftər ðə fleʃ bʌt wiː ˈæftər ðə ˈspɪrət/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

boundaries noun US /ˈbaʊndəriz/

plural of “boundary” — the line or plane indicating the limit or extent of something

From this reading “I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.”

emerson noun US /ˈemərsən/

United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)

From this reading “EMERSON AS AN AMERICAN.”

European noun US /ˌjʊrəˈpiːən/

a native or inhabitant of Europe

From this reading “The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.”

geographical adjective US /ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkəl/

of or relating to the science of geography

From this reading “I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.”

limited adjective US /ˈlɪmətəd/

small in range or scope

From this reading “I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.”

peoples noun US /ˈpiːpəlz/

the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

From this reading “It is not with Americans as with other peoples.”

primarily adverb US /praɪˈmerəli/

for the most part

From this reading “Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.”

Prussia noun US /ˈprʌʃə/

a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland

From this reading “I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.”

All words in this reading · 62

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

AMERICANnounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading EMERSON AS AN AMERICAN.

AmericansnounUS /əˈmerəkənz/

plural of “american” — a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading It is not with Americans as with other peoples.

ANdeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading EMERSON AS AN AMERICAN.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

ASconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading EMERSON AS AN AMERICAN.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

boundariesnounUS /ˈbaʊndəriz/

plural of “boundary” — the line or plane indicating the limit or extent of something

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

difficultadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfəkəlt/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.

easilyadverbUS /ˈiːzəli/

with ease (“easy” is sometimes used informally for “easily”)

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

EMERSONnounUS /ˈemərsən/

United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)

From this reading EMERSON AS AN AMERICAN.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

EnglishmannounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃmən/

a man who is a native or inhabitant of England

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

EuropeannounUS /ˌjʊrəˈpiːən/

a native or inhabitant of Europe

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

extentnounUS /ɪkˈstent/

the point or degree to which something extends

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

fleshnounUS /fleʃ/

the soft tissue of the body of a vertebrate: mainly muscle tissue and fat

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

geographicaladjectiveUS /ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkəl/

of or relating to the science of geography

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

GermannounUS /ˈdʒɜːrmən/

a person of German nationality

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is not with Americans as with other peoples.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is not with Americans as with other peoples.

latteradjectiveUS /ˈlætər/

referring to the second of two things or persons mentioned (or the last one or ones of several)

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

limitedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪmətəd/

small in range or scope

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

meetverbUS /miːt/

come together

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.

nationsnounUS /ˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “nation” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It is not with Americans as with other peoples.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

originnounUS /ˈɔːrədʒən/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading It is not with Americans as with other peoples.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

peoplesnounUS /ˈpiːpəlz/

the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

From this reading It is not with Americans as with other peoples.

physicaladjectiveUS /ˈfɪzɪkəl/

involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

positionnounUS /pəˈzɪʃən/

the particular portion of space occupied by something

From this reading Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.

primarilyadverbUS /praɪˈmerəli/

for the most part

From this reading Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.

PrussianounUS /ˈprʌʃə/

a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

recognizeverbUS /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/

accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

relatedadjectiveUS /rɪˈleɪtɪd/

being connected either logically or causally or by shared characteristics

From this reading Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

sensesnounUS /ˈsensɪz/

plural of “sens” — street names for marijuana

From this reading Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.

vagueadjectiveUS /veɪɡ/

not clearly expressed or understood

From this reading Our position is more vague and difficult, because it is not primarily related to the senses.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The origin of America was not like that of the European nations; the latter were born after the flesh, but we after the spirit.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading I can easily find out where England or Prussia is, and recognize an Englishman or German when we meet; but we Americans are not, to the same extent as these, limited by geographical and physical boundaries.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It is not with Americans as with other peoples.

Chapter 8 of Confessions and Criticisms by Julian Hawthorne holds 288 sentences, grouped into 58 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Confessions and Criticisms contain?

Chapter 8 holds 288 sentences of Confessions and Criticisms, unabridged, divided into 58 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Confessions and Criticisms by Julian Hawthorne exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 288 sentences, grouped into 58 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Confessions and Criticisms?

Work through the 58 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 58 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Confessions and Criticisms

Common questions about reading Confessions and Criticisms by Julian Hawthorne on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Confessions and Criticisms?

Yes. All 1728 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #7431 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Confessions and Criticisms is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #7431, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Confessions and Criticisms take to read?

About 144 minutes of reading across 346 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Confessions and Criticisms section by section

How to work through Confessions and Criticisms section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Confessions and Criticisms

Words and structures a reader meets early in Confessions and Criticisms, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Novels
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Confessions and Criticisms; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Agnosticism
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Confessions and Criticisms; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Novel
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Confessions and Criticisms; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Times
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Confessions and Criticisms; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.