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Confessions and Criticisms
Confessions and Criticisms

Chapter X · Chapter 10

Chapter 10 of Confessions and Criticisms is here in full — 123 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/24 · 5 lines
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AMERICAN WILD ANIMALS IN ART.
The hunter and the sportsman are two very different persons.
The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.
To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.
Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.
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/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Confessions and Criticisms

Chapter X · Chapter 10

Chapter 10 of Confessions and Criticisms is here in full — 123 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/24 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
AMERICAN WILD ANIMALS IN ART.
/əˈmerəkən waɪld ˈænəməlz ɪn ɑːrt/
Line 2
The hunter and the sportsman are two very different persons.
/ðə ˈhʌntər ənd ðə ˈspɔːrtsmən ɑːr tuː ˈveri ˈdɪfərənt ˈpɜːrsənz/
Line 3
The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.
Line 4
To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.
/tuː stɔːk ənd ʃuːt ðə elk ənd ðə ˈɡrɪzli ber ɪz tuː hɪm wʌt ˈwuːɪŋ ənd ˈwɪnɪŋ ə bɪˈlʌvd ˈmeɪdən wʊd biː tuː əˈnʌðər mæn/
Line 5
Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

champions noun US /ˈtʃæmpiənz/

plural of “champion” — someone who has won first place in a competition

From this reading “The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.”

elk noun US /elk/

large northern deer with enormous flattened antlers in the male; called “elk” in Europe and “moose” in North America

From this reading “To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.”

exterminator noun US /ɪkˈstɜːrməneɪtər/

someone who exterminates (especially someone whose occupation is the extermination of troublesome rodents and insects)

From this reading “Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.”

grizzly noun US /ˈɡrɪzli/

powerful brownish-yellow bear of the uplands of western North America

From this reading “To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.”

pursues verb US /pərˈsuːz/

third-person singular of “pursue” — carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in

From this reading “The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.”

sportsman noun US /ˈspɔːrtsmən/

someone who engages in sports

From this reading “The hunter and the sportsman are two very different persons.”

sympathizes verb US /ˈsɪmpəθaɪzɪz/

third-person singular of “sympathize” — share the feelings of; understand the sentiments of

From this reading “The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.”

vindicator noun US /vɪndəˈkeɪtər/

a person who argues to defend or justify some policy or institution

From this reading “Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.”

All words in this reading · 67

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

admirationnounUS /ˌædmərˈeɪʃən/

a feeling of delighted approval and liking

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

AMERICANnounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading AMERICAN WILD ANIMALS IN ART.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The hunter and the sportsman are two very different persons.

ANIMALSnounUS /ˈænəməlz/

plural of “animal” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading AMERICAN WILD ANIMALS IN ART.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The hunter and the sportsman are two very different persons.

ARTauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading AMERICAN WILD ANIMALS IN ART.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

bearverbUS /ber/

have

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

belovedadjectiveUS /bɪˈlʌvd/

dearly loved

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

championsnounUS /ˈtʃæmpiənz/

plural of “champion” — someone who has won first place in a competition

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

chivalrynounUS /ˈʃɪvəlri/

courtesy towards women

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

confidantnounUS /ˈkɑːnfədɑːnt/

someone to whom private matters are confided

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

courteouslyadverb

in a polite manner

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading The hunter and the sportsman are two very different persons.

elknounUS /elk/

large northern deer with enormous flattened antlers in the male; called “elk” in Europe and “moose” in North America

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

else

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

exterminatornounUS /ɪkˈstɜːrməneɪtər/

someone who exterminates (especially someone whose occupation is the extermination of troublesome rodents and insects)

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

fairlyadverbUS /ˈferli/

to certain extent or degree

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

FaradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

foenounUS /foʊ/

an armed adversary (especially a member of an opposing military force)

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

followsverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊz/

third-person singular of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

friendnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

gamenounUS /ɡeɪm/

a contest with rules to determine a winner

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

grizzlynounUS /ˈɡrɪzli/

powerful brownish-yellow bear of the uplands of western North America

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

hunternounUS /ˈhʌntər/

someone who hunts game

From this reading The hunter and the sportsman are two very different persons.

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading AMERICAN WILD ANIMALS IN ART.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

killsnounUS /kɪlz/

plural of “kill” — the act of terminating a life

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

lovesnounUS /lʌvz/

plural of “love” — a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

maidennounUS /ˈmeɪdən/

an unmarried girl (especially a virgin)

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

personsnounUS /ˈpɜːrsənz/

plural of “person” — a human being

From this reading The hunter and the sportsman are two very different persons.

pursuesverbUS /pərˈsuːz/

third-person singular of “pursue” — carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

respectnounUS /rɪˈspekt/

(usually preceded by “in”) a detail or point

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

shootverbUS /ʃuːt/

hit with a missile from a weapon

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

slayverbUS /sleɪ/

kill intentionally and with premeditation

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

sportsmannounUS /ˈspɔːrtsmən/

someone who engages in sports

From this reading The hunter and the sportsman are two very different persons.

stalkverbUS /stɔːk/

walk stiffly

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

sympathizesverbUS /ˈsɪmpəθaɪzɪz/

third-person singular of “sympathize” — share the feelings of; understand the sentiments of

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The hunter and the sportsman are two very different persons.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The hunter and the sportsman are two very different persons.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The hunter and the sportsman are two very different persons.

vindicatornounUS /vɪndəˈkeɪtər/

a person who argues to defend or justify some policy or institution

From this reading Far from being the foe or exterminator of the game he follows, he, more than any one else, is their friend, vindicator, and confidant.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

WILDadjectiveUS /waɪld/

marked by extreme lack of restraint or control

From this reading AMERICAN WILD ANIMALS IN ART.

winningadjectiveUS /ˈwɪnɪŋ/

having won

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The hunter pursues animals because he loves them and sympathizes with them, and kills them as the champions of chivalry used to slay one another--courteously, fairly, and with admiration and respect.

wooingnounUS /ˈwuːɪŋ/

a man's courting of a woman; seeking the affections of a woman (usually with the hope of marriage)

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading To stalk and shoot the elk and the grizzly bear is to him what wooing and winning a beloved maiden would be to another man.

Chapter 10 of Confessions and Criticisms by Julian Hawthorne holds 123 sentences, grouped into 25 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 10 of Confessions and Criticisms contain?

Chapter 10 holds 123 sentences of Confessions and Criticisms, unabridged, divided into 25 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 10 of Confessions and Criticisms by Julian Hawthorne exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 123 sentences, grouped into 25 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 10 of Confessions and Criticisms?

Work through the 25 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 25 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 10 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 10 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Confessions and Criticisms

Common questions about reading Confessions and Criticisms by Julian Hawthorne on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Confessions and Criticisms?

Yes. All 1728 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #7431 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Confessions and Criticisms is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #7431, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Confessions and Criticisms take to read?

About 144 minutes of reading across 346 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Confessions and Criticisms section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Confessions and Criticisms

Words and structures a reader meets early in Confessions and Criticisms, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Novels
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Confessions and Criticisms; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Agnosticism
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Confessions and Criticisms; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Novel
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Confessions and Criticisms; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Times
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Confessions and Criticisms; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.