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Conservation Reader
Conservation Reader

Chapter VI

Chapter 6 of Conservation Reader is here in full — 412 sentences across 83 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Conservation Reader
Context Illustration Reading 1/82 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The shore birds form a group of very great value.
They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.
The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.
Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.
So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Conservation Reader

Chapter VI

Chapter 6 of Conservation Reader is here in full — 412 sentences across 83 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/82 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The shore birds form a group of very great value.
/ðə ʃɔːr bɜːrdz fɔːrm ə ɡruːp ʌv ˈveri ɡreɪt ˈvæljuː/
Line 2
They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.
Line 3
The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.
/ðə fuːd ʌv ðiːz bɜːrdz ɪz ˈɔːlmoʊst ˈhoʊli ˈɪnsekts wɪtʃ ɑːr ˈhɑːrmfəl ɪn ˈveriəs weɪz/
Line 4
Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.
Line 5
So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.
/soʊ ˈkruːli ənd rɪˈlentləsli hæv ðə ʃɔːr bɜːrdz bɪn pərˈsuːd baɪ men huː kɔːl ðemˈselvz ˈspɔːrtsmɪn ðæt ˈmeni ˈspiːʃiz ɑːr ˈnɪrli ɪkˈstɪŋkt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

cabbage noun US /ˈkæbədʒ/

any of various types of cabbage

From this reading “Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.”

cutworms noun US /ˈkʌtwɜːrmz/

plural of “cutworm” — North American moth whose larvae feed on young plant stems cutting them off at the ground

From this reading “Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.”

grasshoppers noun US /ˈɡræshɑːpərz/

plural of “grasshopper” — terrestrial plant-eating insect with hind legs adapted for leaping

From this reading “Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.”

grubs noun US /ɡrʌbz/

plural of “grub” — informal terms for a meal

From this reading “Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.”

harmful adjective US /ˈhɑːrmfəl/

causing or capable of causing harm

From this reading “The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.”

mosquitoes noun US /məˈskiːtoʊz/

plural of “mosquito” — two-winged insect whose female has a long proboscis to pierce the skin and suck the blood of humans and animals

From this reading “Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.”

relentlessly adverb US /rɪˈlentləsli/

in a relentless manner

From this reading “So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.”

sportsmen noun US /ˈspɔːrtsmɪn/

plural of “sportsman” — someone who engages in sports

From this reading “So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

various ways adjective + noun

In this reading “The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.”

along the shores preposition + article + noun counted as “along … shore”

In this reading “They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.”

great value adjective + noun

In this reading “The shore birds form a group of very great value.”

many species adjective + noun

In this reading “So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.”

small bodies adjective + noun counted as “small body”

In this reading “They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.”

All words in this reading · 70

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The shore birds form a group of very great value.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

AmongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

billsnounUS /bɪlz/

plural of “bill” — a statute in draft before it becomes law

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

birdsnounUS /bɜːrdz/

plural of “bird” — warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings

From this reading The shore birds form a group of very great value.

bodiesnounUS /ˈbɑːdiz/

plural of “body” — the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

cabbagenounUS /ˈkæbədʒ/

any of various types of cabbage

From this reading Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

cruellyadverbUS /ˈkruːli/

excessively

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

cutwormsnounUS /ˈkʌtwɜːrmz/

plural of “cutworm” — North American moth whose larvae feed on young plant stems cutting them off at the ground

From this reading Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.

extinctadjectiveUS /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/

no longer in existence; lost or especially having died out leaving no living representatives

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

foodnounUS /fuːd/

any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue

From this reading The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading The shore birds form a group of very great value.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

grasshoppersnounUS /ˈɡræshɑːpərz/

plural of “grasshopper” — terrestrial plant-eating insect with hind legs adapted for leaping

From this reading Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The shore birds form a group of very great value.

groupnounUS /ɡruːp/

any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading The shore birds form a group of very great value.

grubsnounUS /ɡrʌbz/

plural of “grub” — informal terms for a meal

From this reading Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.

harmfuladjectiveUS /ˈhɑːrmfəl/

causing or capable of causing harm

From this reading The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

horseflies

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

includeverbUS /ˌɪnˈkluːd/

have as a part, be made up out of

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

insectsnounUS /ˈɪnsekts/

plural of “insect” — small air-breathing arthropod

From this reading The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.

interioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtɪriər/

situated within or suitable for inside a building

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.

lakesnounUS /leɪks/

plural of “lake” — a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

long-leggedadjective

having long legs

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

mosquitoesnounUS /məˈskiːtoʊz/

plural of “mosquito” — two-winged insect whose female has a long proboscis to pierce the skin and suck the blood of humans and animals

From this reading Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.

nearlyadverbUS /ˈnɪrli/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

oceannounUS /ˈoʊʃən/

a large body of water constituting a principal part of the hydrosphere

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The shore birds form a group of very great value.

pursuednounUS /pərˈsuːd/

a person who is being chased

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

relentlesslyadverbUS /rɪˈlentləsli/

in a relentless manner

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

shorenounUS /ʃɔːr/

the land along the edge of a body of water

From this reading The shore birds form a group of very great value.

shoresnounUS /ʃɔːrz/

plural of “shore” — the land along the edge of a body of water

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

slenderadjectiveUS /ˈslendər/

being of delicate or slender build

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

SoconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

speciesnounUS /ˈspiːʃiz/

(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

sportsmennounUS /ˈspɔːrtsmɪn/

plural of “sportsman” — someone who engages in sports

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The shore birds form a group of very great value.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

usuallyadverbUS /ˈjuːʒəwəli/

under normal conditions

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

valuenounUS /ˈvæljuː/

a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed

From this reading The shore birds form a group of very great value.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The shore birds form a group of very great value.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

waysnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading So cruelly and relentlessly have the shore birds been pursued by men who call themselves "sportsmen;" that many species are nearly extinct.

whollyadverbUS /ˈhoʊli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading The food of these birds is almost wholly insects, which are harmful in various ways.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading They include those long-legged birds with slender bills which are found, usually along the shores of the ocean and of lakes and small bodies of water, but sometimes in the interior away from the water.

wormsnounUS /wɜːrmz/

plural of “worm” — any of numerous relatively small elongated soft-bodied animals especially of the phyla Annelida and Chaetognatha and Nematoda and Nemertea and Platyhelminthes; also many insect larvae

From this reading Among these insects are grasshoppers, army worms, cutworms, cabbage worms, grubs, horseflies, and mosquitoes.

Chapter 6 of Conservation Reader by Harold W. (Harold Wellman) Fairbanks holds 412 sentences, grouped into 83 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 6 of Conservation Reader contain?

Chapter 6 holds 412 sentences of Conservation Reader, unabridged, divided into 83 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 6 of Conservation Reader by Harold W. (Harold Wellman) Fairbanks exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 412 sentences, grouped into 83 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 6 of Conservation Reader?

Work through the 83 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 83 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 6 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 6 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Conservation Reader

Common questions about reading Conservation Reader by Harold W. (Harold Wellman) Fairbanks on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Conservation Reader?

Yes. All 2525 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #26935 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Conservation Reader is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #26935, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Conservation Reader take to read?

About 210 minutes of reading across 505 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Conservation Reader section by section

How to work through Conservation Reader section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 6 chapters of Conservation Reader to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Conservation Reader

Words and structures a reader meets early in Conservation Reader, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Conservation Reader; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Geography
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Conservation Reader; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stories
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Conservation Reader; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mother
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Conservation Reader; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.