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Cressy
Cressy

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Cressy is here in full — 166 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/33 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.
That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.
She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.
She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.
Frizzles,” furblows,” and fancy fixin's had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Cressy

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Cressy is here in full — 166 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/33 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.
Line 2
That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.
Line 3
She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.
/ʃiː hæd kənˈsiːvd ə ˈsɪŋɡjələr ˈdʒeləsi ʌv ðɪs ˈdɔːtər huː hæd tʃeɪndʒd hɜːr ˈhʌzbəndz ˈneɪtʃər ənd huː hæd səˈplæntɪd ðə trəˈdɪʃənz ʌv ðə ˈhaʊshoʊld laɪf ʃiː hæd əˈkwaɪərd æn ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪtəd dɪˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃən ʌv ðoʊz ˈfemənən tʃɑːrmz wɪtʃ hæd ˈnevər bɪn ə ˈfæktər ɪn hɜːr oʊn dəˈmestɪk ˈhæpinəs/
Line 4
She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.
Line 5
Frizzles,” “furblows,” andfancy fixin'shad never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

adornment noun US /əˈdɔːrnmənt/

a decoration of color or interest that is added to relieve plainness

From this reading “She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.”

depreciation noun US /dɪˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃən/

a decrease in price or value

From this reading “She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.”

exodus noun US /ˈeksədəs/

a journey by a large group to escape from a hostile environment

From this reading ““Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.”

mitigate verb US /ˈmɪtəɡeɪt/

lessen or to try to lessen the seriousness or extent of

From this reading “She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.”

rancor noun US /ˈræŋkər/

a feeling of deep and bitter anger and ill-will

From this reading “The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.”

supplanted verb US /səˈplæntɪd/

past form of “supplant” — take the place or move into the position of

From this reading “She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.”

supremacy noun US /səˈpreməsi/

power to dominate or defeat

From this reading “She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.”

vanities noun US /ˈvænətiz/

plural of “vanity” — feelings of excessive pride

From this reading “She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.”

All words in this reading · 123

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

acquiredadjectiveUS /əˈkwaɪərd/

gotten through environmental forces

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

acrossprepositionUS /əˈkrɔːs/

from one side of something to the other

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

adornmentnounUS /əˈdɔːrnmənt/

a decoration of color or interest that is added to relieve plainness

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

appreciatedadjectiveUS /əˈpriːʃieɪtɪd/

fully understood or grasped

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

argumentsnounUS /ˈɑːrɡjəmənts/

plural of “argument” — a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

assumedadjectiveUS /əˈsuːmd/

adopted in order to deceive

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

attitudenounUS /ˈætətuːd/

a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

austerities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

bandagedadjectiveUS /ˈbændədʒd/

covered or wrapped with a bandage

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

beautynounUS /ˈbjuːti/

the qualities that give pleasure to the senses

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

changedadjectiveUS /tʃeɪndʒd/

made or become different in nature or form

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

charmsnounUS /tʃɑːrmz/

plural of “charm” — attractiveness that interests or pleases or stimulates

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

civilizedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/

having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

commandnounUS /kəˈmænd/

an authoritative direction or instruction to do something

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

conceivedverbUS /kənˈsiːvd/

past form of “conceive” — have the idea for

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

concessionnounUS /kənˈseʃən/

a contract granting the right to operate a subsidiary business

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

daughternounUS /ˈdɔːtər/

a female human offspring

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

degradingadjectiveUS /dɪˈɡreɪdɪŋ/

harmful to the mind or morals

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

depreciationnounUS /dɪˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃən/

a decrease in price or value

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

desirenounUS /dɪˈzaɪər/

the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

domesticadjectiveUS /dəˈmestɪk/

of concern to or concerning the internal affairs of a nation

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

dutynounUS /ˈduːti/

the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

earsnounUS /ɪrz/

plural of “ear” — the sense organ for hearing and equilibrium

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

endurancenounUS /ˈendərəns/

the power to withstand hardship or stress

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

entirelyadverbUS /ɪnˈtaɪərli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

exaggeratedadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪtəd/

represented as greater than is true or reasonable

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

exodusnounUS /ˈeksədəs/

a journey by a large group to escape from a hostile environment

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

factornounUS /ˈfæktər/

anything that contributes causally to a result

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

fancynounUS /ˈfænsi/

something many people believe that is false

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

feminineadjectiveUS /ˈfemənən/

associated with women and not with men

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

fixin's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

forgottenadjectiveUS /fərˈɡɑːt.n̩/

Not remembered; lapsed from memory.

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

freeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

Frizzles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

frontiernounUS /frənˈtɪr/

a wilderness at the edge of a settled area of a country

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

furblows

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

habitsnounUS /ˈhæbəts/

plural of “habit” — an established custom

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

handsnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

happinessnounUS /ˈhæpinəs/

state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

helpedverbUS /helpt/

past form of “help” — give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

householdnounUS /ˈhaʊshoʊld/

a social unit living together

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

husband'snounUS /ˈhʌzbəndz/

possessive form of “husband” — a married man; a woman's partner in marriage

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

ideanounUS /aɪˈdiːə/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

infinitesimally

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

jealousynounUS /ˈdʒeləsi/

a feeling of jealous envy (especially of a rival)

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

life-long

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

longeradverbUS /ˈlɔːŋɡər/

for more time

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

loyaladjectiveUS /ˈlɔɪəl/

steadfast in allegiance or duty

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

manoeuvres

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

McKinstry

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

mitigateverbUS /ˈmɪtəɡeɪt/

lessen or to try to lessen the seriousness or extent of

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

MrsnounUS /ˈmɪsɪz/

a form of address for a married woman

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

nursedadjectiveUS /nɜːrst/

(of an infant) breast-fed

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

plainsnounUS /pleɪnz/

plural of “plain” — extensive tract of level open land

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

powersnounUS /ˈpaʊərz/

plural of “power” — possession of controlling influence

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

quickadjectiveUS /kwɪk/

accomplished rapidly and without delay

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

rancornounUS /ˈræŋkər/

a feeling of deep and bitter anger and ill-will

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

refugenounUS /ˈrefjuːdʒ/

a safe place

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

religiousadjectiveUS /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/

concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

resourcesnounUS /ˈriːsɔːrsɪz/

plural of “resource” — available source of wealth; a new or reserve supply that can be drawn upon when needed

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

savageadjectiveUS /ˈsævədʒ/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

ShepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

sickadjectiveUS /sɪk/

affected by an impairment of normal physical or mental function

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

singularadjectiveUS /ˈsɪŋɡjələr/

unusual or striking

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

strongadjectiveUS /strɔːŋ/

having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

struggleverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

supplantedverbUS /səˈplæntɪd/

past form of “supplant” — take the place or move into the position of

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

supremacynounUS /səˈpreməsi/

power to dominate or defeat

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

swiftadjectiveUS /swɪft/

moving very fast

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

tendenciesnounUS /ˈtendənsiz/

plural of “tendency” — an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

traditionsnounUS /trəˈdɪʃənz/

plural of “tradition” — an inherited pattern of thought or action

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

unsexedadjective

deprived of sexual capacity or sexual attributes

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

vanitiesnounUS /ˈvænətiz/

plural of “vanity” — feelings of excessive pride

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

victoriousadjectiveUS /vɪkˈtɔːriəs/

having won

From this reading She saw in her husband's desire to mitigate the savage austerities of their habits only a weak concession to the powers of beauty and adornment--degrading vanities she had never known in their life-long struggle for frontier supremacy--that had never brought them victorious out of that struggle.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

weakadjectiveUS /wiːk/

wanting in physical strength

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The religious attitude which Mrs. McKinstry had assumed towards her husband's weak civilized tendencies was not entirely free from human rancor.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading She had conceived a singular jealousy of this daughter who had changed her husband's nature, and who had supplanted the traditions of the household life; she had acquired an exaggerated depreciation of those feminine charms which had never been a factor in her own domestic happiness.

womanhoodnounUS /ˈwʊmənhʊd/

the state of being an adult woman

From this reading That strong loyal nature which had unsexed itself in the one idea of duty, now that duty seemed to be no longer appreciated took refuge in her forgotten womanhood and in the infinitesimally small arguments, resources, and manoeuvres at its command.

woundednounUS /ˈwuːndɪd/

people who are wounded

From this reading “Frizzles,” “furblows,” and “fancy fixin's” had never helped them in their exodus across the plains; had never taken the place of swift eyes, quick ears, strong hands, and endurance; had never nursed the sick or bandaged the wounded.

Chapter 8 of Cressy by Bret Harte holds 166 sentences, grouped into 34 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Cressy contain?

Chapter 8 holds 166 sentences of Cressy, unabridged, divided into 34 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Cressy by Bret Harte exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 166 sentences, grouped into 34 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Cressy?

Work through the 34 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 34 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Cressy

Common questions about reading Cressy by Bret Harte on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Cressy?

Yes. All 2661 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2858 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Cressy is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #2858, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Cressy take to read?

About 221 minutes of reading across 533 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Cressy section by section

How to work through Cressy section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 14 chapters of Cressy to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Cressy

Words and structures a reader meets early in Cressy, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Master
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cressy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Indian
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cressy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Spring
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cressy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
School
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cressy; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.