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Cressy & Poictiers
Cressy & Poictiers

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Cressy & Poictiers is here in full — 129 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.
In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.
It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.
For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.
Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Cressy & Poictiers

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Cressy & Poictiers is here in full — 129 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/25 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.
Line 2
In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.
/ɪn ˈɔːrdər tuː ˈrendər maɪ ˈnærətɪv ðə mɔːr ˌɪnˈtelədʒəbəl ɪt ɪz ˈnesəseri tuː rəˈfɜːr tuː ðə ˈɔːrədʒən ʌv ðæt wɔːr tuː ðə ɪˈvents baɪ wɪtʃ ɪt hæd bɪn dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt ənd tuː ðə steɪdʒ æt wɪtʃ ɪt hæd ərˈaɪvd/
Line 3
It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.
Line 4
For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.
Line 5
Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

candidates noun US /ˈkændədeɪts/

plural of “candidate” — a politician who is running for public office

From this reading “For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.”

Charlemagne noun US /ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn/

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)

From this reading “For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.”

descendant noun US /dɪˈsendənt/

a person considered as descended from some ancestor

From this reading “For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.”

excluded verb US /ɪkˈskluːdəd/

past form of “exclude” — prevent from being included or considered or accepted

From this reading “Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.”

reigning adjective US /ˈreɪnɪŋ/

exercising power or authority

From this reading “Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.”

relying verb US /riˈlaɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “rely” — have faith or confidence in

From this reading “Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.”

tenement noun US /ˈtenəmənt/

a run-down apartment house barely meeting minimal standards

From this reading “WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.”

Valois noun US /vælˈwɑː/

French royal house from 1328 to 1589

From this reading “For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

male heirs noun + noun counted as “male heir”

In this reading “It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.”

relying on verb + particle counted as “rely on”

put trust in with confidence

In this reading “Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.”

In order preposition + noun

in a state of proper readiness or preparation or arrangement

In this reading “In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.”

died without verb + particle counted as “die without”

In this reading “It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.”

three sons noun + noun counted as “three son”

In this reading “It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.”

old king adjective + noun

In this reading “Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.”

At the time preposition + article + noun counted as “at … time”

simultaneously

In this reading “WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.”

All words in this reading · 123

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1328

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

1st

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

acceptedadjectiveUS /ækˈseptɪd/

generally approved or compelling recognition

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

affordverbUS /əˈfɔːrd/

be able to spare or give up

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

appearedverbUS /əˈpɪrd/

past form of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

arrivedverbUS /ərˈaɪvd/

past form of “arrive” — reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

breathnounUS /breθ/

the process of taking in and expelling air during breathing

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

brothernounUS /ˈbrʌðər/

a male with the same parents as someone else

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

candidatesnounUS /ˈkændədeɪts/

plural of “candidate” — a politician who is running for public office

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

Capetnoun

King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996)

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

cavaliernounUS /ˌkævəˈlɪr/

a gallant or courtly gentleman

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

centuriesnounUS /ˈsentʃəriz/

plural of “century” — a period of 100 years

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

CharlemagnenounUS /ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn/

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

CharlesnounUS /tʃɑːrlz/

King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

claimedverbUS /kleɪmd/

past form of “claim” — assert or affirm strongly; state to be true or existing

From this reading Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

crownnounUS /kraʊn/

the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy

From this reading Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.

descendantnounUS /dɪˈsendənt/

a person considered as descended from some ancestor

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

diedverbUS /daɪd/

past form of “die” — pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

dignitynounUS /ˈdɪɡnəti/

the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

distinguishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/

(used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or reputation

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

drewnounUS /druː/

United States actor (born in Ireland); father of Georgiana Emma Barrymore (1827-1862)

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

earlieradverbUS /ˈɜːrliər/

earlier in time; previously

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

EnglishmennounUS /ˌeŋˈlɪʃmən/

plural of “englishman” — a man who is a native or inhabitant of England

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

eventsnounUS /ɪˈvents/

plural of “event” — something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

excludedverbUS /ɪkˈskluːdəd/

past form of “exclude” — prevent from being included or considered or accepted

From this reading Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.

FairadjectiveUS /fer/

free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

FebruarynounUS /ˈfebjəweri/

the month following January and preceding March

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

femalesnounUS /ˈfiːmeɪlz/

plural of “female” — an animal that produces gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes

From this reading Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

FletchernounUS /ˈfletʃər/

prolific English dramatist who collaborated with Francis Beaumont and many other dramatists (1579-1625)

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

ForestnounUS /ˈfɔːrəst/

the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

FRANCEnounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

gaveverbUS /ɡeɪv/

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

grandsire's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

heirnounUS /er/

A person legally or magically entitled to the property or rank of another on that person's death.

From this reading Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.

heirsnounUS /erz/

plural of “heir” — a person who is entitled by law or by the terms of a will to inherit the estate of another

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

hospitalitynounUS /ˌhɑːspəˈtæləti/

kindness in welcoming guests or strangers

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

Hugh

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

intelligibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtelədʒəbəl/

capable of being apprehended or understood

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

Isabel

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

JacknounUS /dʒæk/

a small worthless amount

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

LouisnounUS /ˈluːɪs/

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion for 12 years (1914-1981)

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

malenounUS /meɪl/

an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

mastersnounUS /ˈmæstərz/

United States poet (1869-1950)

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

narrativenounUS /ˈnærətɪv/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

originnounUS /ˈɔːrədʒən/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

PhilipnounUS /ˈfɪləp/

Englishman and husband of Elizabeth II (born 1921)

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

predictedverbUS /prɪˈdɪktɪd/

past form of “predict” — make a prediction about; tell in advance

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

preparingverbUS /priˈperɪŋ/

-ing form of “prepare” — make ready or suitable or equip in advance for a particular purpose or for some use, event, etc

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

pushedverbUS /pʊʃt/

past form of “push” — move with force

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

referverbUS /rəˈfɜːr/

make reference to

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

reigningadjectiveUS /ˈreɪnɪŋ/

exercising power or authority

From this reading Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.

relyingverbUS /riˈlaɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “rely” — have faith or confidence in

From this reading Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.

renderverbUS /ˈrendər/

cause to become

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

renewverbUS /rɪˈnuː/

reestablish on a new, usually improved, basis or make new or like new

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

Salic

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Philip, relying on the fact that the Salic law excluded females from reigning, claimed the crown of France as heir male of the old king.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

sonsnounUS /sʌnz/

plural of “son” — a male human offspring

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

stagenounUS /steɪdʒ/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading In order to render my narrative the more intelligible, it is necessary to refer to the origin of that war, to the events by which it had been distinguished, and to the stage at which it had arrived.

subsequentlyadverbUS /ˈsʌbsəkwəntli/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

tenementnounUS /ˈtenəmənt/

a run-down apartment house barely meeting minimal standards

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

Thomelin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

thronenounUS /θroʊn/

the chair of state for a monarch, bishop, etc.

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

vacantadjectiveUS /ˈveɪkənt/

void of intelligence or thought

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

ValoisnounUS /vælˈwɑː/

French royal house from 1328 to 1589

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

WARnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading For the vacant throne--from which, centuries earlier, Hugh Capet pushed the descendant of Charlemagne, and to which subsequently St. Louis gave dignity--several candidates appeared, the chief of whom were Philip of Valois and Edward of England.

wifenounUS /waɪf/

a married woman; a man's partner in marriage

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

WinchesternounUS /ˈwɪntʃestər/

a city in southern England; administrative center of Hampshire

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

WindsornounUS /ˈwɪnzər/

a city in southeastern Ontario on the Detroit River opposite Detroit

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

WITHprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading WAR WITH FRANCE At the time when the cavalier who called himself Jack Fletcher lost his way in Windsor Forest, and accepted such hospitality as my grandsire's tenement could afford, King Edward, as Thomelin of Winchester had predicted, was preparing to renew that war which made Englishmen for a time almost masters of France.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

youngestadjectiveUS /ˈjʌŋɡəst/

superlative of “young” — (used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading It was on the 1st of February, 1328--the year in the course of which I drew my first breath--that Charles, King of France, the youngest of the three sons of Philip the Fair, and brother of Isabel, wife of our second Edward, died without male heirs.

Chapter 4 of Cressy & Poictiers by John G. (John George) Edgar holds 129 sentences, grouped into 26 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Cressy & Poictiers contain?

Chapter 4 holds 129 sentences of Cressy & Poictiers, unabridged, divided into 26 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Cressy & Poictiers by John G. (John George) Edgar exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 129 sentences, grouped into 26 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Cressy & Poictiers?

Work through the 26 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 26 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Cressy & Poictiers

Common questions about reading Cressy & Poictiers by John G. (John George) Edgar on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Cressy & Poictiers?

Yes. All 3515 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #45819 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Cressy & Poictiers is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #45819, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Cressy & Poictiers take to read?

About 292 minutes of reading across 703 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Cressy & Poictiers section by section

How to work through Cressy & Poictiers section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Cressy & Poictiers to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Cressy & Poictiers

Words and structures a reader meets early in Cressy & Poictiers, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Https
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cressy & Poictiers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Introduction
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cressy & Poictiers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ernest
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cressy & Poictiers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Styles
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cressy & Poictiers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.