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Cressy & Poictiers
Cressy & Poictiers

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of Cressy & Poictiers is here in full — 176 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/35 · 5 lines
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THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.
At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.
At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.
The second was under the Lord de Roos and the Earls of Northampton and Arundel.
The third, which the king intended as a reserve, he retained under his own command.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Cressy & Poictiers

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of Cressy & Poictiers is here in full — 176 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/35 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.
Line 2
At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.
/æt ðə seɪm taɪm moʊst ʌv ðə ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ kənˈfest ðer sɪnz ənd rəˈsiːvd ˌæbsəˈluːʃən ðæt ðeɪ maɪt ɡoʊ tuː ˈbætəl wɪð ˈlaɪtər ˈkɑːntʃɪnsɪz ənd ˈheviər hændz ənd ðiːz rɪˈlɪdʒəs ˈserəmoʊniz ˈhævɪŋ bɪn pərˈfɔːrmd ˈedwərd kəˈmændɪd hɪz men tuː ɑːrm ðemˈselvz ənd wɪð ðə eɪd ʌv hɪz ˈkɑːnstəbəl ənd ðə tuː ˈmɑːrʃəlz ərˈeɪd ðə ˈɑːrmi ɪn θriː dɪˈvɪʒənz/
Line 3
At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.
/æt ðə hed ʌv ðə fɜːrst dɪˈvɪʒən ˈedwərd pleɪst ðə prɪns ʌv weɪlz huː wɑːz səˈpɔːrtɪd baɪ ðə ɜːrlz ʌv ˈwɔːrwɪk ənd ˈɑːksfərd/
Line 4
The second was under the Lord de Roos and the Earls of Northampton and Arundel.
Line 5
The third, which the king intended as a reserve, he retained under his own command.
/ðə θɜːrd wɪtʃ ðə kɪŋ ˌɪnˈtendɪd æz ə rɪˈzɜːrv hiː rɪˈteɪnd ˈʌndər hɪz oʊn kəˈmænd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

absolution noun US /ˌæbsəˈluːʃən/

the condition of being formally forgiven by a priest in the sacrament of penance

From this reading “At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.”

consciences noun US /ˈkɑːntʃɪnsɪz/

plural of “conscience” — motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions

From this reading “At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.”

Earls noun US /ɜːrlz/

plural of “earl” — a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading “At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.”

marshals noun US /ˈmɑːrʃəlz/

the United States' oldest federal law enforcement agency is responsible today for protecting the Federal Judiciary and transporting federal prisoners and protecting federal witnesses and managing assets seized from criminals and generally ensuring the effective operation of the federal judicial syst

From this reading “At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.”

Northampton noun US /ˌnɔːrˈθæmptən/

the principal city of Northamptonshire

From this reading “The second was under the Lord de Roos and the Earls of Northampton and Arundel.”

sacrament noun US /ˈsækrəmənt/

a formal religious ceremony conferring a specific grace on those who receive it

From this reading “THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.”

Valois noun US /vælˈwɑː/

French royal house from 1328 to 1589

From this reading “THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.”

Warwick noun US /ˈwɔːrwɪk/

English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471)

From this reading “At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

religious ceremonies adjective + noun counted as “religious ceremony”

a ceremony having religious meaning

In this reading “At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.”

same time adjective + noun

In this reading “At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.”

took the sacrament verb + article + noun counted as “take … sacrament”

In this reading “THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.”

three divisions noun + noun counted as “three division”

In this reading “At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.”

with the aid preposition + article + noun counted as “with … aid”

In this reading “At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.”

All words in this reading · 98

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1346

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

26th

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The third, which the king intended as a reserve, he retained under his own command.

Abbeville

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

absolutionnounUS /ˌæbsəˈluːʃən/

the condition of being formally forgiven by a priest in the sacrament of penance

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

aidnounUS /eɪd/

a person or thing that is a resource that helps make something easier or possible to do

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

armnounUS /ɑːrm/

a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

arrayedadjectiveUS /ərˈeɪd/

in ceremonial attire and paraphernalia

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

Arundel

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The second was under the Lord de Roos and the Earls of Northampton and Arundel.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The third, which the king intended as a reserve, he retained under his own command.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

AugustnounUS /ˈɑːɡəst/

the month following July and preceding September

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

BATTLEnounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.

ceremoniesnounUS /ˈserəmoʊniz/

plural of “ceremony” — a formal event performed on a special occasion

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

commandnounUS /kəˈmænd/

an authoritative direction or instruction to do something

From this reading The third, which the king intended as a reserve, he retained under his own command.

commandedverbUS /kəˈmændɪd/

past form of “command” — be in command of

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

confessedverbUS /kənˈfest/

past form of “confess” — confess to a punishable or reprehensible deed, usually under pressure

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

consciencesnounUS /ˈkɑːntʃɪnsɪz/

plural of “conscience” — motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

constablenounUS /ˈkɑːnstəbəl/

a lawman with less authority and jurisdiction than a sheriff

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

CRESSY

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading The second was under the Lord de Roos and the Earls of Northampton and Arundel.

divisionnounUS /dɪˈvɪʒən/

an army unit large enough to sustain combat

From this reading At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.

divisionsnounUS /dɪˈvɪʒənz/

plural of “division” — an army unit large enough to sustain combat

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

EarlsnounUS /ɜːrlz/

plural of “earl” — a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

handsnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The third, which the king intended as a reserve, he retained under his own command.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.

heardadjectiveUS /hɜːrd/

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

heavieradjectiveUS /ˈheviər/

comparative of “heavy” — of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

intendedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtendɪd/

resulting from one's intentions

From this reading The third, which the king intended as a reserve, he retained under his own command.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

lighternounUS /ˈlaɪtər/

a substance used to ignite or kindle a fire

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

LordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading The second was under the Lord de Roos and the Earls of Northampton and Arundel.

marchedverbUS /mɑːrtʃt/

past form of “march” — march in a procession

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

marshalsnounUS /ˈmɑːrʃəlz/

the United States' oldest federal law enforcement agency is responsible today for protecting the Federal Judiciary and transporting federal prisoners and protecting federal witnesses and managing assets seized from criminals and generally ensuring the effective operation of the federal judicial syst

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

massnounUS /mæs/

the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

NorthamptonnounUS /ˌnɔːrˈθæmptən/

the principal city of Northamptonshire

From this reading The second was under the Lord de Roos and the Earls of Northampton and Arundel.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading The third, which the king intended as a reserve, he retained under his own command.

OxfordnounUS /ˈɑːksfərd/

a city in southern England to the northwest of London; site of Oxford University

From this reading At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.

performedverbUS /pərˈfɔːrmd/

past form of “perform” — carry out or perform an action

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

PhilipnounUS /ˈfɪləp/

Englishman and husband of Elizabeth II (born 1921)

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

placedadjectiveUS /pleɪst/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.

PrincenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

receivedadjectiveUS /rəˈsiːvd/

conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

religiousadjectiveUS /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/

concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

reservenounUS /rɪˈzɜːrv/

formality and propriety of manner

From this reading The third, which the king intended as a reserve, he retained under his own command.

retainedadjectiveUS /rɪˈteɪnd/

continued in your keeping or use or memory

From this reading The third, which the king intended as a reserve, he retained under his own command.

risingadjectiveUS /ˈraɪzɪŋ/

advancing or becoming higher or greater in degree or value or status

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

Roos

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The second was under the Lord de Roos and the Earls of Northampton and Arundel.

sacramentnounUS /ˈsækrəmənt/

a formal religious ceremony conferring a specific grace on those who receive it

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

SaturdaynounUS /ˈsætərdi/

the seventh and last day of the week; observed as the Sabbath by Jews and some Christians

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading The second was under the Lord de Roos and the Earls of Northampton and Arundel.

sinsnounUS /sɪnz/

plural of “sin” — estrangement from god

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

supportedadjectiveUS /səˈpɔːrtɪd/

sustained or maintained by aid (as distinct from physical support)

From this reading At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

thirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading The third, which the king intended as a reserve, he retained under his own command.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading The second was under the Lord de Roos and the Earls of Northampton and Arundel.

ValoisnounUS /vælˈwɑː/

French royal house from 1328 to 1589

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

WalesnounUS /weɪlz/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

WarwicknounUS /ˈwɔːrwɪk/

English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471)

From this reading At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading THE BATTLE OF CRESSY It was Saturday, the 26th of August, 1346, when Philip of Valois marched from Abbeville to Cressy; and, on the morning of that day, the King of England and the Prince of Wales, rising early, heard mass and took the sacrament.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The third, which the king intended as a reserve, he retained under his own command.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading At the head of the first division Edward placed the Prince of Wales, who was supported by the Earls of Warwick and Oxford.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading At the same time most of the English confessed their sins and received absolution, that they might go to battle with lighter consciences and heavier hands; and these religious ceremonies having been performed, Edward commanded his men to arm themselves, and, with the aid of his constable and the two marshals, arrayed the army in three divisions.

Chapter 11 of Cressy & Poictiers by John G. (John George) Edgar holds 176 sentences, grouped into 36 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of Cressy & Poictiers contain?

Chapter 11 holds 176 sentences of Cressy & Poictiers, unabridged, divided into 36 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of Cressy & Poictiers by John G. (John George) Edgar exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 176 sentences, grouped into 36 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 11 of Cressy & Poictiers?

Work through the 36 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 36 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 11 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Cressy & Poictiers

Common questions about reading Cressy & Poictiers by John G. (John George) Edgar on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Cressy & Poictiers?

Yes. All 3515 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #45819 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Cressy & Poictiers is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #45819, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Cressy & Poictiers take to read?

About 292 minutes of reading across 703 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Cressy & Poictiers section by section

How to work through Cressy & Poictiers section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Cressy & Poictiers

Words and structures a reader meets early in Cressy & Poictiers, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Https
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cressy & Poictiers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Introduction
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cressy & Poictiers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ernest
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cressy & Poictiers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Styles
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cressy & Poictiers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.