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Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge
Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge

Chapter XIII · Chapter 13

Chapter 13 of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge is here in full — 32 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge
Context Illustration Reading 1/6 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.
Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.
But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.
From an early hour upon court day, all was excitement, noise and confusion in and around the county-seat.
The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge

Chapter XIII · Chapter 13

Chapter 13 of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge is here in full — 32 sentences across 7 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/6 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.
Line 2
Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.
Line 3
But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.
/bʌt ˈliːɡəl ˈbɪznəs wɑːz ˈɔːfən ðə liːst ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt ˈfiːtʃər ʌv ðiːz ˈɡæðərɪŋz wɪtʃ siːmd tuː ˈkɑːmbaɪn ðə ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks ʌv ˈpɪknɪk ˈkaʊnti fer ˈmʌstər deɪ ənd oʊld ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˈhʌstɪŋz/
Line 4
From an early hour upon court day, all was excitement, noise and confusion in and around the county-seat.
Line 5
The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

byways noun US /ˈbaɪweɪz/

plural of “byway” — a side road little traveled (as in the countryside)

From this reading “The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.”

discordant adjective US /dɪˈskɔːrdənt/

not in agreement or harmony

From this reading “The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.”

droves noun US /droʊvz/

plural of “drove” — a group of animals (a herd or flock) moving together

From this reading “The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.”

gatherings noun US /ˈɡæðərɪŋz/

plural of “gathering” — a group of persons together in one place

From this reading “But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.”

hustings noun US /ˈhʌstɪŋz/

the activities involved in political campaigning (especially speech making)

From this reading “But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.”

litigation noun US /ˌlɪtəˈɡeɪʃən/

a legal proceeding in a court; a judicial contest to determine and enforce legal rights

From this reading “Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.”

lowing verb US /ˈloʊɪŋ/

-ing form of “low” — make a low noise, characteristic of bovines

From this reading “The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.”

well-being noun US /ˌwelˈbiːɪŋ/

a contented state of being happy and healthy and prosperous

From this reading “Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

sought refuge adjective + noun

In this reading “The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.”

county court noun + noun

In this reading “COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.”

main feature adjective + noun

In this reading “Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.”

early hour adjective + noun

In this reading “From an early hour upon court day, all was excitement, noise and confusion in and around the county-seat.”

interesting feature adjective + noun

In this reading “COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.”

legal business adjective + noun

In this reading “Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.”

important feature adjective + noun

In this reading “But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.”

after the manner preposition + article + noun counted as “after … manner”

In this reading “The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.”

All words in this reading · 98

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading From an early hour upon court day, all was excitement, noise and confusion in and around the county-seat.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

amountnounUS /əˈmaʊnt/

a quantity of money

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading From an early hour upon court day, all was excitement, noise and confusion in and around the county-seat.

assembledverbUS /əˈsembəld/

past form of “assemble” — create by putting components or members together

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

bleating

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

businessnounUS /ˈbɪznəs/

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

bywaysnounUS /ˈbaɪweɪz/

plural of “byway” — a side road little traveled (as in the countryside)

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

cattlenounUS /ˈkætəl/

domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

characteristicsnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks/

plural of “characteristic” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

combineverbUS /ˈkɑːmbaɪn/

have or possess in combination

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

commonwealthnounUS /ˈkɑːmənwelθ/

the official name of some states in the United States (Massachusetts and Pennsylvania and Virginia and Kentucky) and associated territories (Puerto Rico)

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

confusionnounUS /kənˈfjuːʒən/

disorder resulting from a failure to behave predictably

From this reading From an early hour upon court day, all was excitement, noise and confusion in and around the county-seat.

countynounUS /ˈkaʊnti/

(United Kingdom) a region created by territorial division for the purpose of local government

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

county-seat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

COURTnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

crowdsnounUS /kraʊdz/

plural of “crowd” — a large number of things or people considered together

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

DAYnounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

discordantadjectiveUS /dɪˈskɔːrdənt/

not in agreement or harmony

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

drivenadjectiveUS /ˈdrɪvən/

compelled forcibly by an outside agency

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

drovesnounUS /droʊvz/

plural of “drove” — a group of animals (a herd or flock) moving together

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

excitementnounUS /ɪkˈsaɪtmənt/

the feeling of lively and cheerful joy

From this reading From an early hour upon court day, all was excitement, noise and confusion in and around the county-seat.

fairadjectiveUS /fer/

free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

featurenounUS /ˈfiːtʃər/

a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

filledadjectiveUS /fɪld/

(usually followed by “with” or used as a combining form) generously supplied with

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

FromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading From an early hour upon court day, all was excitement, noise and confusion in and around the county-seat.

gatheringsnounUS /ˈɡæðərɪŋz/

plural of “gathering” — a group of persons together in one place

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

hournounUS /ˈaʊər/

a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day

From this reading From an early hour upon court day, all was excitement, noise and confusion in and around the county-seat.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

hustingsnounUS /ˈhʌstɪŋz/

the activities involved in political campaigning (especially speech making)

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading From an early hour upon court day, all was excitement, noise and confusion in and around the county-seat.

interestingadjectiveUS /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/

arousing or holding the attention

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

JudgingnounUS /ˈdʒʌdʒɪŋ/

the cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

legaladjectiveUS /ˈliːɡəl/

established by or founded upon law or official or accepted rules

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

litigationnounUS /ˌlɪtəˈɡeɪʃən/

a legal proceeding in a court; a judicial contest to determine and enforce legal rights

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

lotsnounUS /lɑːts/

a large number or amount

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

lowingverbUS /ˈloʊɪŋ/

-ing form of “low” — make a low noise, characteristic of bovines

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

mainadjectiveUS /meɪn/

most important element

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

mannernounUS /ˈmænər/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

market-place

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

MondaynounUS /ˈmʌndi/

the second day of the week; the first working day

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

musterverbUS /ˈmʌstər/

gather or bring together

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

noisenounUS /nɔɪz/

sound of any kind (especially unintelligible or dissonant sound)

From this reading From an early hour upon court day, all was excitement, noise and confusion in and around the county-seat.

occasionnounUS /əˈkeɪʒən/

an event that occurs at a critical time

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

old-timeadjective

attractively old-fashioned (but not necessarily authentic)

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

picnicnounUS /ˈpɪknɪk/

a day devoted to an outdoor social gathering

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

quietlyadverbUS /ˈkwaɪətli/

with low volume

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

refugenounUS /ˈrefjuːdʒ/

a safe place

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

refusingverbUS /rəˈfjuːzɪŋ/

-ing form of “refuse” — show unwillingness towards

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

sheepnounUS /ʃiːp/

woolly usually horned ruminant mammal related to the goat

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

soughtadjectiveUS /sɔːt/

that is looked for

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

stableadjectiveUS /ˈsteɪbəl/

resistant to change of position or condition

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

statehood

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

supposedadjectiveUS /səˈpoʊzd/

required or under orders

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

surprisingadjectiveUS /sərˈpraɪzɪŋ/

causing surprise or wonder or amazement

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

swinenounUS /swaɪn/

stout-bodied short-legged omnivorous animals

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

usuallyadverbUS /ˈjuːʒəwəli/

under normal conditions

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

wanderedverbUS /ˈwɑːndərd/

past form of “wander” — move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading COURT DAY The old-time county court, held once a month, usually on Monday, was an interesting feature of early statehood.

well-beingnounUS /ˌwelˈbiːɪŋ/

a contented state of being happy and healthy and prosperous

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading But legal business was often the least important feature of these gatherings, which seemed to combine the characteristics of picnic, county fair, muster day and old English hustings.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Judging by the crowds that always assembled at the county-seat upon court day, one would have supposed that if legal business were the main feature of the occasion, a surprising amount of litigation was necessary to the well-being of the commonwealth.

yardsnounUS /jɑːrdz/

plural of “yard” — a unit of length equal to 3 feet; defined as 91.44 centimeters; originally taken to be the average length of a stride

From this reading The discordant bleating and lowing of sheep and cattle filled the air, and droves of swine, after the manner of their kind, refusing to be driven quietly to the market-place, wandered into byways, or sought refuge in stable lots and house yards.

Chapter 13 of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge by Mary Addams Bayne holds 32 sentences, grouped into 7 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 13 of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge contain?

Chapter 13 holds 32 sentences of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge, unabridged, divided into 7 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 13 of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge by Mary Addams Bayne exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 32 sentences, grouped into 7 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 13 of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge?

Work through the 7 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 7 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 13 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 13 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge

Common questions about reading Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge by Mary Addams Bayne on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge?

Yes. All 3385 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #31640 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #31640, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge take to read?

About 282 minutes of reading across 677 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge section by section

How to work through Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge

Words and structures a reader meets early in Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Coming
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Schoolmaster
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Spirit
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Indian
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crestlands: A Centennial Story of Cane Ridge; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.