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Crime and Its Causes
Crime and Its Causes

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Crime and Its Causes is here in full — 296 sentences across 60 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/59 · 5 lines
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CLIMATE AND CRIME.
Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.
To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.
These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.
We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Crime and Its Causes

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Crime and Its Causes is here in full — 296 sentences across 60 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/59 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
CLIMATE AND CRIME.
/ˈklaɪmət ənd kraɪm/
Line 2
Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.
/mænz eɡˈzɪstəns dɪˈpendz əˈpɑːn ˈfɪzɪkəl sərˈaʊndɪŋz ðiːz sərˈaʊndɪŋz hæv ˈeksərsaɪzd æn ˌɪˈmens ˈɪnfluːəns ɪn ˈmɑːdəfaɪɪŋ hɪz ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm ɪn ˈʃeɪpɪŋ hɪz ˈsoʊʃəl dɪˈveləpmənt ɪn ˈmoʊldɪŋ hɪz ˈkerɪktər/
Line 3
To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.
/tuː ɪˈnuːməreɪt ɔːl ðə ɪkˈstɜːrnəl ˈfæktərz ˈɑːpəreɪtɪŋ əˈpɑːn ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl ənd ˈsoʊʃəl laɪf ɪz ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ˈaʊər ˈprezənt ˈpɜːrpəs bʌt ðeɪ meɪ biː ˈbriːfli sʌmd ʌp æz ˈklaɪmət ˈmɔɪstʃər sɔɪl ðə kənˌfɪɡjərˈeɪʃən ʌv ðə ɜːrθs ˈsɜːrfəs ənd ðə ˈneɪtʃər ʌv ɪts ˈprɑːdəkts/
Line 4
These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.
/ðiːz ˈnætʃərəl fəˈnɑːmənə ˈiːðər ˈsɪŋɡli ɔːr ɪn ˈveriɪŋ dɪˈɡriːz ʌv ˌkɑːmbəˈneɪʃən hæv ənˈkwestʃənəbli pleɪd ə moʊst ˈprɑːmənənt pɑːrt ɪn ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðə ˈdɪfərənt ˈreɪsəz ʌv ˈmænˈkaɪnd wʌt ðeɪ æt ˈprezənt ɑːr/
Line 5
We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

configuration noun US /kənˌfɪɡjərˈeɪʃən/

an arrangement of parts or elements

From this reading “To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.”

enumerate verb US /ɪˈnuːməreɪt/

specify individually

From this reading “To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.”

factors noun US /ˈfæktərz/

plural of “factor” — anything that contributes causally to a result

From this reading “To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.”

inhospitable adjective US /ɪnˈhɑːspətəbəl/

unfavorable to life or growth

From this reading “We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.”

modifying verb US /ˈmɑːdəfaɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “modify” — make less severe or harsh or extreme

From this reading “Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.”

moulding noun US /ˈmoʊldɪŋ/

a decorative strip used for ornamentation or finishing

From this reading “Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.”

operating adjective US /ˈɑːpəreɪtɪŋ/

involved in a kind of operation

From this reading “To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.”

organism noun US /ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm/

a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently

From this reading “Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.”

All words in this reading · 95

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

affectedadjectiveUS /əˈfektɪd/

acted upon; influenced

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading CLIMATE AND CRIME.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

brieflyadverbUS /ˈbriːfli/

for a short time

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

CLIMATEnounUS /ˈklaɪmət/

the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time

From this reading CLIMATE AND CRIME.

combinationnounUS /ˌkɑːmbəˈneɪʃən/

a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

configurationnounUS /kənˌfɪɡjərˈeɪʃən/

an arrangement of parts or elements

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

CRIMEnounUS /kraɪm/

(criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act

From this reading CLIMATE AND CRIME.

degreesnounUS /dɪˈɡriːz/

plural of “degree” — a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

dependsverbUS /dɪˈpendz/

third-person singular of “depend” — be contingent upon (something that is elided)

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

earth'snounUS /ɜːrθs/

possessive form of “earth” — the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

enumerateverbUS /ɪˈnuːməreɪt/

specify individually

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

exercisedverbUS /ˈeksərsaɪzd/

past form of “exercise” — put to use

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

exhibitedverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪbətəd/

past form of “exhibit” — show an attribute, property, knowledge, or skill

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

existencenounUS /eɡˈzɪstəns/

the state or fact of existing

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

externaladjectiveUS /ɪkˈstɜːrnəl/

happening or arising or located outside or beyond some limits or especially surface

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

factorsnounUS /ˈfæktərz/

plural of “factor” — anything that contributes causally to a result

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

globenounUS /ɡloʊb/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

immenseadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmens/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

individualadjectiveUS /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

inhabitantsnounUS /ɪnˈhæbətənts/

plural of “inhabitant” — a person who inhabits a particular place

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

inhospitableadjectiveUS /ɪnˈhɑːspətəbəl/

unfavorable to life or growth

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

lowadjectiveUS /loʊ/

less than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

makingnounUS /ˈmeɪkɪŋ/

the act that results in something coming to be

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

Man'snounUS /mænz/

possessive form of “man” — an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

modifyingverbUS /ˈmɑːdəfaɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “modify” — make less severe or harsh or extreme

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

moisturenounUS /ˈmɔɪstʃər/

wetness caused by water

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

mouldingnounUS /ˈmoʊldɪŋ/

a decorative strip used for ornamentation or finishing

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

naturaladjectiveUS /ˈnætʃərəl/

in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

operatingadjectiveUS /ˈɑːpəreɪtɪŋ/

involved in a kind of operation

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

organismnounUS /ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm/

a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

outsideadjectiveUS /ˈaʊtˈsaɪd/

relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

phenomenanounUS /fəˈnɑːmənə/

plural of “phenomenon” — any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

physicaladjectiveUS /ˈfɪzɪkəl/

involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

playedadjectiveUS /pleɪd/

(of games) engaged in

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

primitiveadjectiveUS /ˈprɪmətɪv/

belonging to an early stage of technical development; characterized by simplicity and (often) crudeness

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

productsnounUS /ˈprɑːdəkts/

plural of “product” — commodities offered for sale

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

profoundlyadverbUS /proʊˈfaʊndli/

to a great depth psychologically or emotionally

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

prominentadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːmənənt/

having a quality that thrusts itself into attention

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

racesnounUS /ˈreɪsəz/

plural of “race” — any competition

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

regionsnounUS /ˈriːdʒənz/

plural of “region” — the extended spatial location of something

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

shapingnounUS /ˈʃeɪpɪŋ/

any process serving to define the shape of something

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

singlyadverbUS /ˈsɪŋɡli/

one by one; one at a time

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

soilnounUS /sɔɪl/

the state of being covered with unclean things

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

structurenounUS /ˈstrʌktʃər/

a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

summedverbUS /sʌmd/

inflected form of “sum” — be a summary of

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

surroundingsnounUS /sərˈaʊndɪŋz/

the environmental condition

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

typenounUS /taɪp/

a subdivision of a particular kind of thing

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

unquestionablyadverbUS /ənˈkwestʃənəbli/

without question

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading To enumerate all the external factors operating upon individual and social life is outside our present purpose, but they may be briefly summed up as climate, moisture, soil, the configuration of the earth's surface, and the nature of its products.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Man's existence depends upon physical surroundings; these surroundings have exercised an immense influence in modifying his organism, in shaping his social development, in moulding his character.

varyingadjectiveUS /ˈveriɪŋ/

marked by diversity or difference

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We have only to look at the low type of life exhibited by the primitive inhabitants of certain inhospitable regions of the globe to see how profoundly the physical structure of man is affected by his natural surroundings.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading These natural phenomena, either singly or in varying degrees of combination, have unquestionably played a most prominent part in making the different races of mankind what they at present are.

Chapter 2 of Crime and Its Causes by William Douglas Morrison holds 296 sentences, grouped into 60 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Crime and Its Causes contain?

Chapter 2 holds 296 sentences of Crime and Its Causes, unabridged, divided into 60 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Crime and Its Causes by William Douglas Morrison exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 296 sentences, grouped into 60 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Crime and Its Causes?

Work through the 60 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #15803, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Crime and Its Causes take to read?

About 163 minutes of reading across 393 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Crime and Its Causes

Words and structures a reader meets early in Crime and Its Causes, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Statistics
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime and Its Causes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Crime
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime and Its Causes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Within
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime and Its Causes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Present
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime and Its Causes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.