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Crime and Its Causes
Crime and Its Causes

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of Crime and Its Causes is here in full — 164 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/32 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE SEASONS AND CRIME.
Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.
International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.
Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?
To this vital question it will be our endeavour to supply an answer.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Crime and Its Causes

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of Crime and Its Causes is here in full — 164 sentences across 33 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/32 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE SEASONS AND CRIME.
/ðə ˈsiːzənz ənd kraɪm/
Line 2
Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.
/let ʌs naʊ əˈproʊtʃ ðə ˈkwestʃən ʌv ˈtemprətʃər ənd kraɪm frʌm əˈnʌðər pɔɪnt ʌv vjuː/
Line 3
International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.
/ˌɪntərˈnæʃənəl stəˈtɪstɪks ˈɪndəkeɪt ˈprɪti ˈklɪrli ðæt wɔːrm ˈriːdʒənz ˈeksərsaɪz æn ˌɪnˈdʒʊriəs ɪˈfekt ɑːn ðə ˈkɑːndəkt ʌv ˌjʊrəˈpiːən ˈpiːpəlz/
Line 4
Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?
/dʌz ðə ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən ˈfɜːrnɪʃt baɪ ðiːz stəˈtɪstɪks stænd əˈloʊn ɔːr ɪz ɪt səˈpɔːrtɪd baɪ ðə rɪˈzʌlt ʌv ˌɪnvestəˈɡeɪʃənz kənˈdʌktəd ɪn ə ˈdɪfərənt fiːld/
Line 5
To this vital question it will be our endeavour to supply an answer.
/tuː ðɪs ˈvaɪtəl ˈkwestʃən ɪt wɪl biː ˈaʊər ɪnˈdevər tuː səˈplaɪ æn ˈænsər/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

indicate verb US /ˈɪndəkeɪt/

be a signal for or a symptom of

From this reading “International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.”

injurious adjective US /ˌɪnˈdʒʊriəs/

harmful to living things

From this reading “International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.”

International adjective US /ˌɪntərˈnæʃənəl/

concerning or belonging to all or at least two or more nations

From this reading “International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.”

investigations noun US /ˌɪnvestəˈɡeɪʃənz/

plural of “investigation” — an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities

From this reading “Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?”

peoples noun US /ˈpiːpəlz/

the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

From this reading “International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.”

seasons noun US /ˈsiːzənz/

plural of “season” — a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field

From this reading “THE SEASONS AND CRIME.”

statistics noun US /stəˈtɪstɪks/

a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population parameters

From this reading “International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.”

temperature noun US /ˈtemprətʃər/

the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)

From this reading “Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.”

All words in this reading · 58

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE SEASONS AND CRIME.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.

answerverbUS /ˈænsər/

react verbally

From this reading To this vital question it will be our endeavour to supply an answer.

approachverbUS /əˈproʊtʃ/

move towards

From this reading Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading To this vital question it will be our endeavour to supply an answer.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

clearlyadverbUS /ˈklɪrli/

without doubt or question

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

conductverbUS /ˈkɑːndəkt/

direct the course of; manage or control

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

conductedverbUS /kənˈdʌktəd/

past form of “conduct” — direct the course of; manage or control

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

CRIMEnounUS /kraɪm/

(criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act

From this reading THE SEASONS AND CRIME.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

Doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

effectnounUS /ɪˈfekt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

endeavournounUS /ɪnˈdevər/

a purposeful or industrious undertaking (especially one that requires effort or boldness)

From this reading To this vital question it will be our endeavour to supply an answer.

EuropeannounUS /ˌjʊrəˈpiːən/

a native or inhabitant of Europe

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

exercisenounUS /ˈeksərsaɪz/

the activity of exerting your muscles in various ways to keep fit

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.

furnishedadjectiveUS /ˈfɜːrnɪʃt/

provided with whatever is necessary for a purpose (as furniture or equipment or authority)

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

indicateverbUS /ˈɪndəkeɪt/

be a signal for or a symptom of

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

informationnounUS /ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/

a message received and understood

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

injuriousadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈdʒʊriəs/

harmful to living things

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

InternationaladjectiveUS /ˌɪntərˈnæʃənəl/

concerning or belonging to all or at least two or more nations

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

investigationsnounUS /ˌɪnvestəˈɡeɪʃənz/

plural of “investigation” — an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

Letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading To this vital question it will be our endeavour to supply an answer.

peoplesnounUS /ˈpiːpəlz/

the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.

prettyadjectiveUS /ˈprɪti/

pleasing by delicacy or grace; not imposing

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.

regionsnounUS /ˈriːdʒənz/

plural of “region” — the extended spatial location of something

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

resultnounUS /rɪˈzʌlt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

SEASONSnounUS /ˈsiːzənz/

plural of “season” — a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field

From this reading THE SEASONS AND CRIME.

standverbUS /stænd/

be standing; be upright

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

statisticsnounUS /stəˈtɪstɪks/

a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population parameters

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

supplyverbUS /səˈplaɪ/

give something useful or necessary to

From this reading To this vital question it will be our endeavour to supply an answer.

supportedadjectiveUS /səˈpɔːrtɪd/

sustained or maintained by aid (as distinct from physical support)

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

temperaturenounUS /ˈtemprətʃər/

the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)

From this reading Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE SEASONS AND CRIME.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Does the information furnished by these statistics stand alone, or is it supported by the result of investigations conducted in a different field?

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading To this vital question it will be our endeavour to supply an answer.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading To this vital question it will be our endeavour to supply an answer.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading Let us now approach the question of temperature and crime from another point of view.

vitaladjectiveUS /ˈvaɪtəl/

urgently needed; absolutely necessary

From this reading To this vital question it will be our endeavour to supply an answer.

warmadjectiveUS /wɔːrm/

having or producing a comfortable and agreeable degree of heat or imparting or maintaining heat

From this reading International statistics indicate pretty clearly that warm regions exercise an injurious effect on the conduct of European peoples.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading To this vital question it will be our endeavour to supply an answer.

Chapter 3 of Crime and Its Causes by William Douglas Morrison holds 164 sentences, grouped into 33 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Crime and Its Causes contain?

Chapter 3 holds 164 sentences of Crime and Its Causes, unabridged, divided into 33 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Crime and Its Causes by William Douglas Morrison exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 164 sentences, grouped into 33 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Crime and Its Causes?

Work through the 33 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 33 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Crime and Its Causes

Common questions about reading Crime and Its Causes by William Douglas Morrison on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Crime and Its Causes?

Yes. All 1963 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #15803 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Crime and Its Causes is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #15803, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Crime and Its Causes take to read?

About 163 minutes of reading across 393 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Crime and Its Causes section by section

How to work through Crime and Its Causes section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 8 chapters of Crime and Its Causes to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Crime and Its Causes

Words and structures a reader meets early in Crime and Its Causes, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Statistics
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime and Its Causes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Crime
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime and Its Causes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Within
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime and Its Causes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Present
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime and Its Causes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.