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Crime and Its Causes
Crime and Its Causes

Chapter VI · Chapter 6

Chapter 6 of Crime and Its Causes is here in full — 209 sentences across 42 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/41 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
CRIME IN RELATION TO SEX AND AGE.
In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.
As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.
According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.
Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Crime and Its Causes

Chapter VI · Chapter 6

Chapter 6 of Crime and Its Causes is here in full — 209 sentences across 42 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/41 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
CRIME IN RELATION TO SEX AND AGE.
/kraɪm ɪn riˈleɪʃən tuː seks ənd eɪdʒ/
Line 2
In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.
/ɪn ðə ˈprezənt ˈtʃæptər wiː ʃæl prəˈsiːd tuː dɪˈskʌs ðə ɪˈfekt ˈeksərsaɪzd baɪ tuː ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks ʌv ə dɪˈstɪŋktli ˈpɜːrsɪnəl ˈneɪtʃər ɪn ðə prəˈdʌkʃən ʌv kraɪm ˈneɪmli eɪdʒ ənd seks/
Line 3
As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.
/æz seks ɪz ðə moʊst ˌfʌndəˈmentəl ʌv ɔːl ˈhjuːmən dɪˈstɪŋkʃənz wiː ʃæl bɪˈɡɪn baɪ kənˈsɪdərɪŋ ðə pɑːrt ɪt pleɪz əˈmʌŋ ˈkrɪmənəl fəˈnɑːmənə/
Line 4
According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.
Line 5
Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

addicted adjective US /əˈdɪktɪd/

compulsively or physiologically dependent on something habit-forming

From this reading “According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.”

distinctions noun US /dɪˈstɪŋkʃənz/

plural of “distinction” — a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes

From this reading “As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.”

fundamental adjective US /ˌfʌndəˈmentəl/

serving as an essential component

From this reading “As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.”

judicial adjective US /dʒuːˈdɪʃəl/

decreed by or proceeding from a court of justice

From this reading “According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.”

males noun US /meɪlz/

plural of “male” — an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes

From this reading “Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.”

peoples noun US /ˈpiːpəlz/

the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

From this reading “According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.”

phenomena noun US /fəˈnɑːmənə/

plural of “phenomenon” — any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning

From this reading “As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.”

statistics noun US /stəˈtɪstɪks/

a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population parameters

From this reading “According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

AccordingadjectiveUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋ/

(followed by “to”) in agreement with or accordant with

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

addictedadjectiveUS /əˈdɪktɪd/

compulsively or physiologically dependent on something habit-forming

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

AGEnounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading CRIME IN RELATION TO SEX AND AGE.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading CRIME IN RELATION TO SEX AND AGE.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

beginverbUS /bɪˈɡɪn/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

boysnounUS /bɔɪz/

plural of “boy” — a youthful male person

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

chapternounUS /ˈtʃæptər/

a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

characteristicsnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks/

plural of “characteristic” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

civilisedadjective

having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

consideringverbUS /kənˈsɪdərɪŋ/

-ing form of “consider” — deem to be

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

CRIMEnounUS /kraɪm/

(criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act

From this reading CRIME IN RELATION TO SEX AND AGE.

criminaladjectiveUS /ˈkrɪmənəl/

bringing or deserving severe rebuke or censure

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

discussverbUS /dɪˈskʌs/

to consider or examine in speech or writing

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

distinctionsnounUS /dɪˈstɪŋkʃənz/

plural of “distinction” — a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

distinctlyadverbUS /dɪˈstɪŋktli/

clear to the mind; with distinct mental discernment

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

effectnounUS /ɪˈfekt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

EuropeannounUS /ˌjʊrəˈpiːən/

a native or inhabitant of Europe

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

exercisedverbUS /ˈeksərsaɪzd/

past form of “exercise” — put to use

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

femaleadjectiveUS /ˈfiːmeɪl/

being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces fertilizable gametes (ova) from which offspring develop

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

fivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

fundamentaladjectiveUS /ˌfʌndəˈmentəl/

serving as an essential component

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

girlsnounUS /ɡɜːrlz/

plural of “girl” — a young female

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading CRIME IN RELATION TO SEX AND AGE.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

judicialadjectiveUS /dʒuːˈdɪʃəl/

decreed by or proceeding from a court of justice

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

malesnounUS /meɪlz/

plural of “male” — an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

namelyadverbUS /ˈneɪmli/

as follows

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

offences

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

peoplesnounUS /ˈpiːpəlz/

the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

personaladjectiveUS /ˈpɜːrsɪnəl/

concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

phenomenanounUS /fəˈnɑːmənə/

plural of “phenomenon” — any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

playsnounUS /pleɪz/

plural of “play” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading As sex is the most fundamental of all human distinctions we shall begin by considering the part it plays among criminal phenomena.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

proceedverbUS /prəˈsiːd/

continue talking

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

productionnounUS /prəˈdʌkʃən/

the act or process of producing something

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

RELATIONnounUS /riˈleɪʃən/

an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of two entities or parts together

From this reading CRIME IN RELATION TO SEX AND AGE.

SEXnounUS /seks/

activities associated with sexual intercourse

From this reading CRIME IN RELATION TO SEX AND AGE.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

sixnounUS /sɪks/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

statisticsnounUS /stəˈtɪstɪks/

a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population parameters

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

TOparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading CRIME IN RELATION TO SEX AND AGE.

triedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading Among most European peoples between five and six males are tried for offences against the law to every one female.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading In the present chapter we shall proceed to discuss the effect exercised by two characteristics of a distinctly personal nature in the production of crime, namely, age and sex.

womennounUS /ˈwɪmən/

plural of “woman” — an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading According to the judicial statistics of all civilised peoples, women are less addicted to crime than men, and boys are more addicted to crime than girls.

Chapter 6 of Crime and Its Causes by William Douglas Morrison holds 209 sentences, grouped into 42 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 6 of Crime and Its Causes contain?

Chapter 6 holds 209 sentences of Crime and Its Causes, unabridged, divided into 42 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 6 of Crime and Its Causes by William Douglas Morrison exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 209 sentences, grouped into 42 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 6 of Crime and Its Causes?

Work through the 42 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 42 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 6 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 6 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Crime and Its Causes

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Is this the complete text of Crime and Its Causes?

Yes. All 1963 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #15803 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Crime and Its Causes is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #15803, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 163 minutes of reading across 393 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in Crime and Its Causes

Words and structures a reader meets early in Crime and Its Causes, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Statistics
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime and Its Causes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Crime
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime and Its Causes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Within
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime and Its Causes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Present
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime and Its Causes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.