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Crime: Its Cause and Treatment
Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment is here in full — 411 sentences across 83 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Crime: Its Cause and Treatment
Context Illustration Reading 1/82 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.
Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.
I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.
I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.
I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment is here in full — 411 sentences across 83 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/82 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.
/ðɪs bʊk kʌmz frʌm ðə rɪˈflekʃənz ənd ɪkˈspɪriəns ʌv mɔːr ðæn ˈfɔːrti jɪrz spent ɪn kɔːrt/
Line 2
Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.
/əˈsaɪd frʌm ðə ˈpræktəs ʌv maɪ prəˈfeʃən ðə ˈtɑːpɪks aɪ hæv ˈtriːtɪd ɑːr sʌtʃ æz hæv ˈɔːlweɪz held maɪ ˈɪntrəst ənd ˌɪnˈspaɪərd ə teɪst fɔːr bʊks ðæt dɪˈskʌs ðə ˈhjuːmən məˈʃiːn wɪð ɪts ˌmænəfeˈsteɪʃənz ənd ðə ˈkɑːzəz ʌv ɪts ˈverid ækˈtɪvəti/
Line 3
I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.
/aɪ hæv ɪnˈdevərd tuː ˈprezənt ðə ˈleɪtəst ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk θɔːt ənd ˌɪnvestəˈɡeɪʃən ˈberɪŋ əˈpɑːn ðə ˈkwestʃən ʌv ˈhjuːmən ˈkɑːndəkt/
Line 4
I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.
/aɪ duː nɑːt priˈtend tuː biː æn ərˈɪdʒənəl ˌɪnˈvestəɡeɪtər nɔːr æn əˈθɔːrəti ɑːn baɪˈɑːlədʒi saɪˈkɑːlədʒi ɔːr fɪˈlɑː.sə.fi/
Line 5
I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.
/aɪ hæv ˈsɪmpli bɪn ə ˈstuːdənt ˈɡɪvɪŋ ðə səbˈdʒekt sʌtʃ əˈtenʃən æz aɪ kʊd ˈdʊrɪŋ ə ˈferli ˈbɪzi laɪf/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

biology noun US /baɪˈɑːlədʒi/

the science that studies living organisms

From this reading “I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.”

endeavored verb US /ɪnˈdevərd/

past form of “endeavor” — attempt by employing effort

From this reading “I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.”

investigation noun US /ˌɪnvestəˈɡeɪʃən/

an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities

From this reading “I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.”

investigator noun US /ˌɪnˈvestəɡeɪtər/

a scientist who devotes himself to doing research

From this reading “I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.”

manifestations noun US /ˌmænəfeˈsteɪʃənz/

plural of “manifestation” — a clear appearance

From this reading “Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.”

psychology noun US /saɪˈkɑːlədʒi/

the science of mental life

From this reading “I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.”

topics noun US /ˈtɑːpɪks/

plural of “topic” — the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading “Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.”

varied adjective US /ˈverid/

characterized by variety

From this reading “Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.”

All words in this reading · 81

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

activitynounUS /ækˈtɪvəti/

any specific behavior

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

AsideadverbUS /əˈsaɪd/

on or to one side

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

attentionnounUS /əˈtenʃən/

the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others

From this reading I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.

authoritynounUS /əˈθɔːrəti/

the power or right to give orders or make decisions

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

bearingnounUS /ˈberɪŋ/

relevant relation or interconnection

From this reading I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.

biologynounUS /baɪˈɑːlədʒi/

the science that studies living organisms

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

booknounUS /bʊk/

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

busyadjectiveUS /ˈbɪzi/

actively or fully engaged or occupied

From this reading I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.

causesnounUS /ˈkɑːzəz/

plural of “cause” — events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

comesnounUS /kʌmz/

plural of “come” — the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

conductverbUS /ˈkɑːndəkt/

direct the course of; manage or control

From this reading I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

discussverbUS /dɪˈskʌs/

to consider or examine in speech or writing

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.

endeavoredverbUS /ɪnˈdevərd/

past form of “endeavor” — attempt by employing effort

From this reading I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.

experienceverbUS /ɪkˈspɪriəns/

undergo or live through a difficult experience

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

fairlyadverbUS /ˈferli/

to certain extent or degree

From this reading I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

fortyadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrti/

being ten more than thirty

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

givingnounUS /ˈɡɪvɪŋ/

the act of giving

From this reading I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

inspiredadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈspaɪərd/

being of such surpassing excellence as to suggest inspiration by the gods

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

investigationnounUS /ˌɪnvestəˈɡeɪʃən/

an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities

From this reading I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.

investigatornounUS /ˌɪnˈvestəɡeɪtər/

a scientist who devotes himself to doing research

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

latestadjectiveUS /ˈleɪtəst/

up to the immediate present; most recent or most up-to-date

From this reading I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.

machinenounUS /məˈʃiːn/

any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

manifestationsnounUS /ˌmænəfeˈsteɪʃənz/

plural of “manifestation” — a clear appearance

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

originaladjectiveUS /ərˈɪdʒənəl/

preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

philosophynounUS /fɪˈlɑː.sə.fi/

The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. (Triết học, đạo lý nhân sinh.)

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

practicenounUS /ˈpræktəs/

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.

pretendverbUS /priˈtend/

make believe with the intent to deceive

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

professionnounUS /prəˈfeʃən/

the body of people in a learned occupation

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

psychologynounUS /saɪˈkɑːlədʒi/

the science of mental life

From this reading I do not pretend to be an original investigator, nor an authority on biology, psychology or philosophy.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.

reflectionsnounUS /rɪˈflekʃənz/

plural of “reflection” — a calm, lengthy, intent consideration

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

scientificadjectiveUS /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/

of or relating to the practice of science

From this reading I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.

simplyadverbUS /ˈsɪmpli/

and nothing more

From this reading I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.

spentadjectiveUS /spent/

depleted of energy, force, or strength

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

studentnounUS /ˈstuːdənt/

a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution

From this reading I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading I have simply been a student giving the subject such attention as I could during a fairly busy life.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

tasteverbUS /teɪst/

To perceive flavor through the mouth.

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.

topicsnounUS /ˈtɑːpɪks/

plural of “topic” — the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

treatedadjectiveUS /ˈtriːtɪd/

subjected to a physical (or chemical) treatment or action or agent

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading I have endeavored to present the latest scientific thought and investigation bearing upon the question of human conduct.

variedadjectiveUS /ˈverid/

characterized by variety

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Aside from the practice of my profession, the topics I have treated are such as have always held my interest and inspired a taste for books that discuss the human machine with its manifestations and the causes of its varied activity.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading This book comes from the reflections and experience of more than forty years spent in court.

Chapter 1 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment by Clarence Darrow holds 411 sentences, grouped into 83 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment contain?

Chapter 1 holds 411 sentences of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment, unabridged, divided into 83 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment by Clarence Darrow exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 411 sentences, grouped into 83 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment?

Work through the 83 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 83 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

Common questions about reading Crime: Its Cause and Treatment by Clarence Darrow on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment?

Yes. All 3267 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12027 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12027, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Crime: Its Cause and Treatment take to read?

About 272 minutes of reading across 654 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Crime: Its Cause and Treatment section by section

How to work through Crime: Its Cause and Treatment section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 8 chapters of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

Words and structures a reader meets early in Crime: Its Cause and Treatment, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Comes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Reflections
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Experience
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Forty
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.