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Crime: Its Cause and Treatment
Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment is here in full — 414 sentences across 83 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Crime: Its Cause and Treatment
Context Illustration Reading 1/82 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.
As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.
The human machine moves in response to outside stimulation.
How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.
No two machines will act exactly alike from the same stimulus.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment is here in full — 414 sentences across 83 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/82 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.
/ðə fækt ðæt æn ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəlz pəˈlɪtəkəl ənd rɪˈlɪdʒəs feɪθ dɪˈpendz ˈɔːlmoʊst ɪnˈtaɪərli ɑːn hɪz pleɪs ʌv bɜːrθ ənd ˈɜːrli juːθ ʃoʊz ðə streŋkθ ʌv ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt ɪn ˈfɔːrmɪŋ ənd ˈʃeɪpɪŋ əˈpɪnjənz ənd bɪˈliːfs/
Line 2
As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.
/æz ðə tʃaɪld ɡroʊz ənd dɪˈveləps ɪt ɪz ˈɪnfluːənst baɪ ɔːl ðæt sərˈaʊndz ɪt/
Line 3
The human machine moves in response to outside stimulation.
/ðə ˈhjuːmən məˈʃiːn muːvz ɪn rɪˈspɑːns tuː ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ˌstɪmjəˈleɪʃən/
Line 4
How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.
Line 5
No two machines will act exactly alike from the same stimulus.
/noʊ tuː məˈʃiːnz wɪl ækt ɪɡˈzæktli əˈlaɪk frʌm ðə seɪm ˈstɪmjələs/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

beliefs noun US /bɪˈliːfs/

plural of “belief” — any cognitive content held as true

From this reading “The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.”

develops verb US /dɪˈveləps/

third-person singular of “develop” — make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation

From this reading “As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.”

individual's noun US /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəlz/

possessive form of “individual” — a human being

From this reading “The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.”

shaping noun US /ˈʃeɪpɪŋ/

any process serving to define the shape of something

From this reading “The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.”

stimulant noun US /ˈstɪmjələnt/

any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action

From this reading “How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.”

stimulation noun US /ˌstɪmjəˈleɪʃən/

the act of arousing an organism to action

From this reading “The human machine moves in response to outside stimulation.”

stimulus noun US /ˈstɪmjələs/

any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action

From this reading “No two machines will act exactly alike from the same stimulus.”

surrounds noun US /sərˈaʊndz/

plural of “surround” — the area in which something exists or lives

From this reading “As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.”

All words in this reading · 62

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

actverbUS /ækt/

perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading No two machines will act exactly alike from the same stimulus.

alikeadverbUS /əˈlaɪk/

equally

From this reading No two machines will act exactly alike from the same stimulus.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

appliedadjectiveUS /əˈplaɪd/

concerned with concrete problems or data rather than with fundamental principles

From this reading How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.

beliefsnounUS /bɪˈliːfs/

plural of “belief” — any cognitive content held as true

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

birthnounUS /bɜːrθ/

the time when something begins (especially life)

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.

childnounUS /tʃaɪld/

a young person of either sex

From this reading As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.

dependsverbUS /dɪˈpendz/

third-person singular of “depend” — be contingent upon (something that is elided)

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

developsverbUS /dɪˈveləps/

third-person singular of “develop” — make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation

From this reading As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

entirelyadverbUS /ɪnˈtaɪərli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

environmentnounUS /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/

the totality of surrounding conditions

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

exactlyadverbUS /ɪɡˈzæktli/

indicating exactness or preciseness

From this reading No two machines will act exactly alike from the same stimulus.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

faithnounUS /feɪθ/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

formingverbUS /ˈfɔːrmɪŋ/

-ing form of “form” — create (as an entity)

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading No two machines will act exactly alike from the same stimulus.

growsverbUS /ɡroʊz/

third-person singular of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

How

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading The human machine moves in response to outside stimulation.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

individual'snounUS /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəlz/

possessive form of “individual” — a human being

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

influencedverbUS /ˈɪnfluːənst/

past form of “influence” — have and exert influence or effect

From this reading As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.

machinenounUS /məˈʃiːn/

any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading The human machine moves in response to outside stimulation.

machinesnounUS /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading No two machines will act exactly alike from the same stimulus.

moveverbUS /muːv/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.

movesnounUS /muːvz/

plural of “move” — the act of deciding to do something

From this reading The human machine moves in response to outside stimulation.

NodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading No two machines will act exactly alike from the same stimulus.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

opinionsnounUS /əˈpɪnjənz/

plural of “opinion” — a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

outsideadjectiveUS /ˈaʊtˈsaɪd/

relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit

From this reading The human machine moves in response to outside stimulation.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

religiousadjectiveUS /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/

concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

responsenounUS /rɪˈspɑːns/

a result

From this reading The human machine moves in response to outside stimulation.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading No two machines will act exactly alike from the same stimulus.

shapingnounUS /ˈʃeɪpɪŋ/

any process serving to define the shape of something

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

showsnounUS /ʃoʊz/

plural of “show” — the act of publicly exhibiting or entertaining

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

stimulantnounUS /ˈstɪmjələnt/

any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action

From this reading How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.

stimulationnounUS /ˌstɪmjəˈleɪʃən/

the act of arousing an organism to action

From this reading The human machine moves in response to outside stimulation.

stimulusnounUS /ˈstɪmjələs/

any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action

From this reading No two machines will act exactly alike from the same stimulus.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

surroundsnounUS /sərˈaʊndz/

plural of “surround” — the area in which something exists or lives

From this reading As the child grows and develops, it is influenced by all that surrounds it.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The human machine moves in response to outside stimulation.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading How it will move depends upon two things, the character of the stimulant and the machine to which it is applied.

youthnounUS /juːθ/

a young person (especially a young man or boy)

From this reading The fact that an individual's political and religious faith depends almost entirely on his place of birth and early youth, shows the strength of environment in forming and shaping opinions and beliefs.

Chapter 2 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment by Clarence Darrow holds 414 sentences, grouped into 83 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment contain?

Chapter 2 holds 414 sentences of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment, unabridged, divided into 83 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment by Clarence Darrow exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 414 sentences, grouped into 83 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment?

Work through the 83 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 83 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

Common questions about reading Crime: Its Cause and Treatment by Clarence Darrow on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment?

Yes. All 3267 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12027 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12027, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Crime: Its Cause and Treatment take to read?

About 272 minutes of reading across 654 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Crime: Its Cause and Treatment section by section

How to work through Crime: Its Cause and Treatment section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 8 chapters of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

Words and structures a reader meets early in Crime: Its Cause and Treatment, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Comes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Reflections
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Experience
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Forty
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.