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Crime: Its Cause and Treatment
Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment is here in full — 409 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/81 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.
The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.
The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.
And still the unsuccessful revolutionist meets with the severest penalties.
To him failure generally means death.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment is here in full — 409 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/81 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.
/əˈpɑːrt frʌm ðɪs ðer hæv ˈɔːlweɪz bɪn kraɪmz ðæt wɜːr nɑːt ʌv ðə klæs ðæt ˌɪmˈplaɪd ˈmɔːrəl rɔːŋ/
Line 2
The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.
Line 3
The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.
/ðə laɪn ʌv ˌrevəˈluːʃənɪsts frʌm ðə bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ ʌv ˈɔːrɡənaɪzd ˈɡʌvərmənt daʊn tuː ðə bɜːrθ ʌv ðə juːˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ənd ˈiːvɪn tuː ðə ˈprezənt taɪm ˈfɜːrnɪʃɪz ˈæmpəl pruːf ʌv ðɪs/
Line 4
And still the unsuccessful revolutionist meets with the severest penalties.
/ənd stɪl ðə ˌʌnsəkˈsesfəl ˌrevəˈluːʃənɪst miːts wɪð ðə səˈvɪrəst ˈpenəltiz/
Line 5
To him failure generally means death.
/tuː hɪm ˈfeɪljər ˈdʒenərəli miːnz deθ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

classed verb US /klæst/

past form of “class” — arrange or order by classes or categories

From this reading “The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.”

furnishes verb US /ˈfɜːrnɪʃɪz/

third-person singular of “furnish” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading “The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.”

penalties noun US /ˈpenəltiz/

plural of “penalty” — the act of punishing

From this reading “And still the unsuccessful revolutionist meets with the severest penalties.”

revolutionist noun US /ˌrevəˈluːʃənɪst/

a radical supporter of political or social revolution

From this reading “The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.”

revolutionists noun US /ˌrevəˈluːʃənɪsts/

plural of “revolutionist” — a radical supporter of political or social revolution

From this reading “The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.”

severest adjective US /səˈvɪrəst/

superlative of “severe” — intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality

From this reading “And still the unsuccessful revolutionist meets with the severest penalties.”

unsuccessful adjective US /ˌʌnsəkˈsesfəl/

not successful; having failed or having an unfavorable outcome

From this reading “And still the unsuccessful revolutionist meets with the severest penalties.”

violate verb US /ˈvaɪəleɪt/

fail to agree with; be in violation of; as of rules or patterns

From this reading “The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.”

All words in this reading · 85

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

actsnounUS /ækts/

a New Testament book describing the development of the early church from Christ's Ascension to Paul's sojourn at Rome

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

ampleadjectiveUS /ˈæmpəl/

more than enough in size or scope or capacity

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

ApartadverbUS /əˈpɑːrt/

separated or at a distance in place or position or time

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

birthnounUS /bɜːrθ/

the time when something begins (especially life)

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

classedverbUS /klæst/

past form of “class” — arrange or order by classes or categories

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

crimesnounUS /kraɪmz/

plural of “crime” — (criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading To him failure generally means death.

devotionnounUS /dɪˈvoʊʃən/

feelings of ardent love

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

endsnounUS /endz/

plural of “end” — either extremity of something that has length

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

failurenounUS /ˈfeɪljər/

an act that fails

From this reading To him failure generally means death.

fellow-man

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

furnishesverbUS /ˈfɜːrnɪʃɪz/

third-person singular of “furnish” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

gainverbUS /ɡeɪn/

obtain

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading To him failure generally means death.

governmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading To him failure generally means death.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

ideanounUS /aɪˈdiːə/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

impliedverbUS /ˌɪmˈplaɪd/

inflected form of “imply” — express or state indirectly

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

inspiredadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈspaɪərd/

being of such surpassing excellence as to suggest inspiration by the gods

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

libertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading To him failure generally means death.

meetsnounUS /miːts/

plural of “meet” — a meeting at which a number of athletic contests are held

From this reading And still the unsuccessful revolutionist meets with the severest penalties.

moraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

organizedadjectiveUS /ˈɔːrɡənaɪzd/

formed into a structured or coherent whole, particularly on a large scale

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

penaltiesnounUS /ˈpenəltiz/

plural of “penalty” — the act of punishing

From this reading And still the unsuccessful revolutionist meets with the severest penalties.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

personaladjectiveUS /ˈpɜːrsɪnəl/

concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

proofnounUS /pruːf/

any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

propertynounUS /ˈprɑːpərti/

something owned; any tangible or intangible possession that is owned by someone

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

reputationnounUS /ˌrepjəˈteɪʃən/

the state of being held in high esteem and honor

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

revolutionistnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃənɪst/

a radical supporter of political or social revolution

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

revolutionistsnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃənɪsts/

plural of “revolutionist” — a radical supporter of political or social revolution

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

risksnounUS /rɪsks/

plural of “risk” — a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

selfishadjectiveUS /ˈselfɪʃ/

concerned chiefly or only with yourself and your advantage to the exclusion of others

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

severestadjectiveUS /səˈvɪrəst/

superlative of “severe” — intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality

From this reading And still the unsuccessful revolutionist meets with the severest penalties.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

StatesnounUS /steɪts/

plural of “state” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading And still the unsuccessful revolutionist meets with the severest penalties.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

UnitedadjectiveUS /juːˈnaɪtɪd/

characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity

From this reading The line of revolutionists, from the beginning of organized government down to the birth of the United States and even to the present time, furnishes ample proof of this.

unsuccessfuladjectiveUS /ˌʌnsəkˈsesfəl/

not successful; having failed or having an unfavorable outcome

From this reading And still the unsuccessful revolutionist meets with the severest penalties.

violateverbUS /ˈvaɪəleɪt/

fail to agree with; be in violation of; as of rules or patterns

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

visionsnounUS /ˈvɪʒənz/

plural of “vision” — a vivid mental image

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The acts of the revolutionist who saw, or thought he saw, visions of something better; the man who is inspired by the love of his fellow-man and who has no personal ends to gain; the man who in his devotion to an idea or a person risks his life or liberty or property or reputation, has never been classed with those who violate the law for selfish ends.

wrongadjectiveUS /rɔːŋ/

not correct; not in conformity with fact or truth

From this reading Apart from this, there have always been crimes that were not of the class that implied moral wrong.

Chapter 4 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment by Clarence Darrow holds 409 sentences, grouped into 82 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment contain?

Chapter 4 holds 409 sentences of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment, unabridged, divided into 82 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment by Clarence Darrow exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 409 sentences, grouped into 82 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment?

Work through the 82 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 82 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

Common questions about reading Crime: Its Cause and Treatment by Clarence Darrow on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment?

Yes. All 3267 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12027 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12027, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Crime: Its Cause and Treatment take to read?

About 272 minutes of reading across 654 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Crime: Its Cause and Treatment section by section

How to work through Crime: Its Cause and Treatment section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 8 chapters of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Crime: Its Cause and Treatment

Words and structures a reader meets early in Crime: Its Cause and Treatment, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Comes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Reflections
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Experience
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Forty
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crime: Its Cause and Treatment; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.