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Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays
Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays

Chapter XIV

Chapter 14 of Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays is here in full — 427 sentences across 86 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.
No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.
But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.
The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.
The authority which had been exercised by the Popes was transferred almost entire to the King.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays

Chapter XIV

Chapter 14 of Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays is here in full — 427 sentences across 86 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/85 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.
/əˈbaʊt ðə kloʊs ʌv ðə fɪfˈtiːnθ ənd ðə kəˈmensmənt ʌv ðə sɪkˈstiːnθ ˈsentʃəri ə ɡreɪt ˈpɔːrʃən ʌv ðə ˈɪnfluːəns wɪtʃ ðə ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi hæd pəˈzest pæst tuː ðə kraʊn/
Line 2
No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.
/noʊ ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ kɪŋ hæz ˈevər ˌenˈdʒɔɪd sʌtʃ ˈæbsəluːt ˈpaʊər æz ˈhenri ðə eɪtθ/
Line 3
But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.
Line 4
The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.
Line 5
The authority which had been exercised by the Popes was transferred almost entire to the King.
/ðə əˈθɔːrəti wɪtʃ hæd bɪn ˈeksərsaɪzd baɪ ðə poʊpz wɑːz trænˈsfɜːrd ˈɔːlmoʊst ɪnˈtaɪər tuː ðə kɪŋ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

acquiring noun US /əˈkwaɪrɪŋ/

the act of acquiring something

From this reading “But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.”

aristocracy noun US /ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi/

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading “About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.”

fifteenth adjective US /fɪfˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position

From this reading “About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.”

Popes noun US /poʊpz/

plural of “pope” — the head of the Roman Catholic Church

From this reading “The authority which had been exercised by the Popes was transferred almost entire to the King.”

prerogatives noun US /prɪˈrɑːɡətɪvz/

plural of “prerogative” — a right reserved exclusively by a particular person or group (especially a hereditary or official right)

From this reading “But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.”

reformation noun US /ˌref.əˈmeɪ.ʃən/

The action or process of reforming an institution, practice, or individual's character.

From this reading “But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.”

revolutions noun US /ˌrevəˈluːʃənz/

plural of “revolution” — a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading “But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.”

sixteenth adjective US /sɪkˈstiːnθ/

coming next after the fifteenth in position

From this reading “About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

sixteenth century adjective + noun

In this reading “About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.”

immediate effect adjective + noun

In this reading “The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.”

absolute power adjective + noun

In this reading “No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.”

took place verb + noun counted as “take place”

come to pass

In this reading “But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.”

at the expense preposition + article + noun counted as “at … expense”

In this reading “But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.”

All words in this reading · 72

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

435

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

AboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

absoluteadjectiveUS /ˈæbsəluːt/

perfect or complete or pure

From this reading No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.

acquiringnounUS /əˈkwaɪrɪŋ/

the act of acquiring something

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The authority which had been exercised by the Popes was transferred almost entire to the King.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

aristocracynounUS /ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi/

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

authoritynounUS /əˈθɔːrəti/

the power or right to give orders or make decisions

From this reading The authority which had been exercised by the Popes was transferred almost entire to the King.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The authority which had been exercised by the Popes was transferred almost entire to the King.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

ChurchnounUS /tʃɜːrtʃ/

one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

closeadjectiveUS /kloʊs/

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

commencementnounUS /kəˈmensmənt/

the time at which something is supposed to begin

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

crownnounUS /kraʊn/

the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

destinedadjectiveUS /ˈdestɪnd/

headed or intending to head in a certain direction; often used as a combining form as in “college-bound students”

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

effectnounUS /ɪˈfekt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.

EighthadjectiveUS /eɪtθ/

coming next after the seventh and just before the ninth in position

From this reading No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.

enjoyedverbUS /ˌenˈdʒɔɪd/

past form of “enjoy” — derive or receive pleasure from; get enjoyment from; take pleasure in

From this reading No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.

entireadjectiveUS /ɪnˈtaɪər/

constituting the full quantity or extent; complete

From this reading The authority which had been exercised by the Popes was transferred almost entire to the King.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.

exercisedverbUS /ˈeksərsaɪzd/

past form of “exercise” — put to use

From this reading The authority which had been exercised by the Popes was transferred almost entire to the King.

expensenounUS /ɪkˈspens/

amounts paid for goods and services that may be currently tax deductible (as opposed to capital expenditures)

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

favourableadjective

encouraging or approving or pleasing

From this reading The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.

fifteenthadjectiveUS /fɪfˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.

HenrynounUS /ˈhenri/

a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.

immediateadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmiːdiːət/

of the present time and place

From this reading The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

inventionnounUS /ˌɪnˈvenʃən/

the creation of something in the mind

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.

libertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.

NodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.

nobilitynounUS /noʊˈbɪləti/

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

parentsnounUS /ˈperənts/

plural of “parent” — a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.

PopesnounUS /poʊpz/

plural of “pope” — the head of the Roman Catholic Church

From this reading The authority which had been exercised by the Popes was transferred almost entire to the King.

portionnounUS /ˈpɔːrʃən/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

possessedadjectiveUS /pəˈzest/

influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.

prerogativesnounUS /prɪˈrɑːɡətɪvz/

plural of “prerogative” — a right reserved exclusively by a particular person or group (especially a hereditary or official right)

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

PrintingnounUS /ˈprɪntɪŋ/

text handwritten in the style of printed matter

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

reformationnounUS /ˌref.əˈmeɪ.ʃən/

The action or process of reforming an institution, practice, or individual's character.

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

revolutionsnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃənz/

plural of “revolution” — a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

royaladjectiveUS /ˈrɔɪəl/

of or relating to or indicative of or issued or performed by a king or queen or other monarch

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

sixteenthadjectiveUS /sɪkˈstiːnθ/

coming next after the fifteenth in position

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading No English king has ever enjoyed such absolute power as Henry the Eighth.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

transferredverbUS /trænˈsfɜːrd/

inflected form of “transfer” — transfer somebody to a different position or location of work

From this reading The authority which had been exercised by the Popes was transferred almost entire to the King.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The immediate effect of the Reformation in England was by no means favourable to political liberty.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading About the close of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, a great portion of the influence which the aristocracy had possessed passed to the crown.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading But while the {435}royal prerogatives were acquiring strength at the expense of the nobility, two great revolutions took place, destined to be the parents of many revolutions, the invention of Printing, and the reformation of the Church.

Chapter 14 of Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays by Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron Macaulay holds 427 sentences, grouped into 86 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 14 of Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays contain?

Chapter 14 holds 427 sentences of Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays, unabridged, divided into 86 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 14 of Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays by Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron Macaulay exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 427 sentences, grouped into 86 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

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Work through the 86 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #55902, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays

Words and structures a reader meets early in Critical, Historical, and Miscellaneous Essays, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Volumes
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Essays
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Edinburgh
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