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Cross Purposes and The Shadows
Cross Purposes and The Shadows

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Cross Purposes and The Shadows is here in full — 79 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Cross Purposes and The Shadows
Context Illustration Reading 1/15 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.
He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.
His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.
Alice would have despised him; but he never came near enough for that.
Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Cross Purposes and The Shadows

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Cross Purposes and The Shadows is here in full — 79 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/15 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.
Line 2
He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.
/hiː wɑːz soʊ puːr ðæt hiː dɪd nɑːt faɪnd hɪmˈself ˈdʒenərəli ˈwelkəm soʊ hiː ˈhɑːrdli went ˈeniwer bʌt red bʊks æt hoʊm ənd ˈweɪtɪd əˈpɑːn hɪz ˈmʌðər/
Line 3
His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.
Line 4
Alice would have despised him; but he never came near enough for that.
Line 5
Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

awkward adjective US /ˈɑːkwərd/

causing inconvenience

From this reading “His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.”

despised adjective US /dɪˈspaɪzd/

treated with dislike or contempt

From this reading “Alice would have despised him; but he never came near enough for that.”

fairy noun US /ˈferi/

a small being, human in form, playful and having magical powers

From this reading “Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.”

outsides noun US /ˈaʊtˈsaɪdz/

plural of “outside” — the region that is outside of something

From this reading “His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.”

pence noun US /pens/

plural of “penny” — a fractional monetary unit of Ireland and the United Kingdom; equal to one hundredth of a pound

From this reading “Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.”

saving noun US /ˈseɪvɪŋ/

an act of economizing; reduction in cost

From this reading “Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.”

shy verb US /ʃaɪ/

start suddenly, as from fright

From this reading “His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.”

umbrella noun US /əmˈbrelə/

a lightweight handheld collapsible canopy

From this reading “Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

looked at verb + particle counted as “look at”

take into consideration for exemplifying purposes

In this reading “His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.”

few pence adjective + noun counted as “few penny”

In this reading “Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.”

went anywhere verb + particle counted as “go anywhere”

In this reading “He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.”

at home preposition + noun

a reception held in your own home

In this reading “He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.”

read books verb + noun

In this reading “He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.”

in order preposition + noun

in a state of proper readiness or preparation or arrangement

In this reading “Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.”

came near verb + particle counted as “come near”

almost do or experience something

In this reading “Alice would have despised him; but he never came near enough for that.”

waited upon verb + particle counted as “wait upon”

In this reading “He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.”

All words in this reading · 80

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

Alice

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Alice would have despised him; but he never came near enough for that.

Alice's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

anywhereadverbUS /ˈeniwer/

at or in or to any place

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

awkwardadjectiveUS /ˈɑːkwərd/

causing inconvenience

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

buyverbUS /baɪ/

obtain by purchase; acquire by means of a financial transaction

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Alice would have despised him; but he never came near enough for that.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

despisedadjectiveUS /dɪˈspaɪzd/

treated with dislike or contempt

From this reading Alice would have despised him; but he never came near enough for that.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

fairynounUS /ˈferi/

a small being, human in form, playful and having magical powers

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

hardlyadverbUS /ˈhɑːrdli/

only a very short time before

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Alice would have despised him; but he never came near enough for that.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Alice would have despised him; but he never came near enough for that.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

impressionnounUS /ˌɪmˈpreʃən/

a vague idea in which some confidence is placed

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

mannersnounUS /ˈmænərz/

social deportment

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

mothernounUS /ˈmʌðər/

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading Alice would have despised him; but he never came near enough for that.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Alice would have despised him; but he never came near enough for that.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

outsidesnounUS /ˈaʊtˈsaɪdz/

plural of “outside” — the region that is outside of something

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

pencenounUS /pens/

plural of “penny” — a fractional monetary unit of Ireland and the United Kingdom; equal to one hundredth of a pound

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

readverbUS /red/

interpret something that is written or printed

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

ribands

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

Richard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

savingnounUS /ˈseɪvɪŋ/

an act of economizing; reduction in cost

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

shyverbUS /ʃaɪ/

start suddenly, as from fright

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

storynounUS /ˈstɔːri/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

sufficientlyadverbUS /səˈfɪʃəntli/

to a sufficient degree

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

tornadjectiveUS /tɔːrn/

having edges that are jagged from injury

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

umbrellanounUS /əmˈbrelə/

a lightweight handheld collapsible canopy

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

unfavourableadjective

not encouraging or approving or pleasing

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

villagenounUS /ˈvɪlədʒ/

a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

waitedverbUS /ˈweɪtɪd/

past form of “wait” — stay in one place and anticipate or expect something

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

welcomeverbUS /ˈwelkəm/

accept gladly

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading He was so poor that he did not find himself generally welcome; so he hardly went anywhere, but read books at home, and waited upon his mother.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading His manners, therefore, were shy, and sufficiently awkward to give an unfavourable impression to those who looked at outsides.

widownounUS /ˈwɪdoʊ/

a woman whose husband is dead especially one who has not remarried

From this reading Richard--which is name enough for a fairy story--was the son of a widow in Alice's village.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading Now Richard had been saving up his few pence in order to buy an umbrella for his mother; for the winter would come, and the one she had was almost torn to ribands.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Alice would have despised him; but he never came near enough for that.

Chapter 3 of Cross Purposes and The Shadows by George MacDonald holds 79 sentences, grouped into 16 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Cross Purposes and The Shadows contain?

Chapter 3 holds 79 sentences of Cross Purposes and The Shadows, unabridged, divided into 16 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Cross Purposes and The Shadows by George MacDonald exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 79 sentences, grouped into 16 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Cross Purposes and The Shadows?

Work through the 16 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 16 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Cross Purposes and The Shadows

Common questions about reading Cross Purposes and The Shadows by George MacDonald on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Cross Purposes and The Shadows?

Yes. All 1043 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18859 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Cross Purposes and The Shadows is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18859, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Cross Purposes and The Shadows take to read?

About 86 minutes of reading across 209 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Cross Purposes and The Shadows section by section

How to work through Cross Purposes and The Shadows section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 4 chapters of Cross Purposes and The Shadows to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Cross Purposes and The Shadows

Words and structures a reader meets early in Cross Purposes and The Shadows, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Queen
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cross Purposes and The Shadows; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fairyland
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cross Purposes and The Shadows; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Finding
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cross Purposes and The Shadows; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Subjects
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cross Purposes and The Shadows; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.