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Cross Purposes and The Shadows
Cross Purposes and The Shadows

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Cross Purposes and The Shadows is here in full — 882 sentences across 177 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Cross Purposes and The Shadows
Context Illustration Reading 1/176 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.
He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.
The sun was just over the tree-tops.
A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.
Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Cross Purposes and The Shadows

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Cross Purposes and The Shadows is here in full — 882 sentences across 177 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/176 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.
Line 2
He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.
/hiː wɑːz əˈloʊn ɪn ðə ˈmɪdəl ʌv ə leɪk wɪð ˈflaʊərz ənd triːz ˈɡroʊɪŋ ɪn ənd aʊt ʌv ɪt ˈevriwer/
Line 3
The sun was just over the tree-tops.
Line 4
A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.
/ə drɪp ʌv ˈwɔːtər frʌm ðə ˈflaʊərz ˈɡriːtəd hɪm wɪð ˈmjuːzɪk ðə mɪsts wɜːr dɪˈzɔːlvɪŋ əˈweɪ ənd wer ðə ˈsʌnlaɪt fel ɑːn ðə leɪk ðə ˈwɔːtər wɑːz klɪr æz ɡlæs/
Line 5
Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

afloat adjective US /əˈfloʊt/

aimlessly drifting

From this reading “When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.”

Casting noun US /ˈkæstɪŋ/

object formed by a mold

From this reading “Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.”

dissolving noun US /dɪˈzɔːlvɪŋ/

the process of going into solution

From this reading “A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.”

downward adjective US /ˈdaʊnwərd/

extending or moving from a higher to a lower place

From this reading “Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.”

drip verb US /drɪp/

fall in drops

From this reading “A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.”

drowned verb US /draʊnd/

past form of “drown” — cover completely or make imperceptible

From this reading “Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.”

mists noun US /mɪsts/

plural of “mist” — a thin fog with condensation near the ground

From this reading “A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.”

woke verb US /woʊk/

inflected form of “wake” — be awake, be alert, be there

From this reading “When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

at the bottom preposition + article + noun counted as “at … bottom”

In this reading “Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.”

trees growing noun + noun counted as “tree growing”

In this reading “He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.”

in the middle preposition + article + noun counted as “in … middle”

In this reading “He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.”

fell on verb + particle

In this reading “A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.”

far down adverb + adjective

In this reading “Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.”

on the lake preposition + article + noun counted as “on … lake”

In this reading “A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.”

All words in this reading · 60

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

afloatadjectiveUS /əˈfloʊt/

aimlessly drifting

From this reading When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.

Alice

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

bottomnounUS /ˈbɑːtəm/

the lower side of anything

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

broadadjectiveUS /brɔːd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.

CastingnounUS /ˈkæstɪŋ/

object formed by a mold

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

clearverbUS /klɪr/

rid of obstructions

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

dissolvingnounUS /dɪˈzɔːlvɪŋ/

the process of going into solution

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

downwardadjectiveUS /ˈdaʊnwərd/

extending or moving from a higher to a lower place

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

dripverbUS /drɪp/

fall in drops

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

drownedverbUS /draʊnd/

past form of “drown” — cover completely or make imperceptible

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

everywhereadverbUS /ˈevriwer/

to or in any or all places

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

fellverbUS /fel/

cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

flowersnounUS /ˈflaʊərz/

plural of “flower” — a plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

glassnounUS /ɡlæs/

a brittle transparent solid with irregular atomic structure

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

greetedverbUS /ˈɡriːtəd/

past form of “greet” — express greetings upon meeting someone

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

growingnounUS /ˈɡroʊɪŋ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading The sun was just over the tree-tops.

lakenounUS /leɪk/

a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

mistsnounUS /mɪsts/

plural of “mist” — a thin fog with condensation near the ground

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

musicnounUS /ˈmjuːzɪk/

an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading The sun was just over the tree-tops.

palm-leaf

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading The sun was just over the tree-tops.

sunlightnounUS /ˈsʌnlaɪt/

the rays of the sun

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading Casting his eyes downward, he saw, just beneath him, far down at the bottom, Alice drowned, as he thought.

tree-tops

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The sun was just over the tree-tops.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading A drip of water from the flowers greeted him with music; the mists were dissolving away, and where the sunlight fell on the lake the water was clear as glass.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading He was alone in the middle of a lake, with flowers and trees growing in and out of it everywhere.

wokeverbUS /woʊk/

inflected form of “wake” — be awake, be alert, be there

From this reading When he woke he found himself still afloat upon the broad palm-leaf.

Chapter 4 of Cross Purposes and The Shadows by George MacDonald holds 882 sentences, grouped into 177 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Cross Purposes and The Shadows contain?

Chapter 4 holds 882 sentences of Cross Purposes and The Shadows, unabridged, divided into 177 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Cross Purposes and The Shadows by George MacDonald exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 882 sentences, grouped into 177 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Cross Purposes and The Shadows?

Work through the 177 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 177 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Cross Purposes and The Shadows

Common questions about reading Cross Purposes and The Shadows by George MacDonald on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Cross Purposes and The Shadows?

Yes. All 1043 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18859 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Cross Purposes and The Shadows is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18859, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Cross Purposes and The Shadows take to read?

About 86 minutes of reading across 209 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Cross Purposes and The Shadows section by section

How to work through Cross Purposes and The Shadows section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 4 chapters of Cross Purposes and The Shadows to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Cross Purposes and The Shadows

Words and structures a reader meets early in Cross Purposes and The Shadows, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Queen
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cross Purposes and The Shadows; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fairyland
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cross Purposes and The Shadows; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Finding
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cross Purposes and The Shadows; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Subjects
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cross Purposes and The Shadows; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.