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Crossing the Plains, Days of '57
Crossing the Plains, Days of '57

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57 is here in full — 114 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Crossing the Plains, Days of '57
Context Illustration Reading 1/22 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
LOST IN THE BLACK HILLS.
DEVIL'S GATE.
WHY A MOUNTAIN SHEEP DID NOT WINK.
GREEN RIVER FERRY.
At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.
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/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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Crossing the Plains, Days of '57

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57 is here in full — 114 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/22 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
LOST IN THE BLACK HILLS.
/lɔːst ɪn ðə blæk hɪlz/
Line 2
DEVIL'S GATE.
/ˈdevəlz ɡeɪt/
Line 3
WHY A MOUNTAIN SHEEP DID NOT WINK.
/waɪ ə ˈmaʊntən ʃiːp dɪd nɑːt wɪŋk/
Line 4
GREEN RIVER FERRY.
/ɡriːn ˈrɪvər ˈferi/
Line 5
At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.
/æt fɔːrt ˈlerəmi wiː left ðə plæt ˈrɪvər ənd ˈberɪŋ ˌnɔːrˈθwestərli ˈentərd ðə blæk hɪlz ə ˈriːdʒən ʌv loʊ ˈroʊlɪŋ ˈʌpləndz ˈspɑːrsli ɡroʊn wɪð ˈskrʌbi paɪn triːz ðə sɔɪl blæk ˈveri draɪ wer ˈlɪtəl ˈænəməl laɪf wɑːz ˈvɪzəbəl ˌekˈseptɪŋ ˈpreri dɑːɡz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

devil's noun US /ˈdevəlz/

possessive form of “devil” — (Judeo-Christian and Islamic religions) chief spirit of evil and adversary of God; tempter of mankind; master of Hell

From this reading “DEVIL'S GATE.”

ferry verb US /ˈferi/

transport from one place to another

From this reading “GREEN RIVER FERRY.”

Laramie noun US /ˈlerəmi/

a university town in southeast Wyoming

From this reading “At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.”

northwesterly adjective US /ˌnɔːrˈθwestərli/

coming from the northwest

From this reading “At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.”

Platte noun US /plæt/

a river in Nebraska that flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River

From this reading “At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.”

scrubby adjective US /ˈskrʌbi/

sparsely covered with stunted trees or vegetation and underbrush

From this reading “At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.”

sparsely adverb US /ˈspɑːrsli/

in a sparse way

From this reading “At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.”

uplands noun US /ˈʌpləndz/

plural of “upland” — elevated (e.g., mountainous) land

From this reading “At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

pine trees noun + noun counted as “pine tree”

a coniferous tree

In this reading “At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.”

prairie dogs noun + noun counted as “prairie dog”

any of several rodents of North American prairies living in large complex burrows having a barking cry

In this reading “At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.”

MOUNTAIN SHEEP noun + noun

any wild sheep inhabiting mountainous regions

In this reading “WHY A MOUNTAIN SHEEP DID NOT WINK.”

animal life noun + noun

In this reading “At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.”

little animal adjective + noun

In this reading “At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.”

All words in this reading · 50

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading WHY A MOUNTAIN SHEEP DID NOT WINK.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

animalnounUS /ˈænəməl/

a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

bearingnounUS /ˈberɪŋ/

relevant relation or interconnection

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

BLACKadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading LOST IN THE BLACK HILLS.

DEVIL'SnounUS /ˈdevəlz/

possessive form of “devil” — (Judeo-Christian and Islamic religions) chief spirit of evil and adversary of God; tempter of mankind; master of Hell

From this reading DEVIL'S GATE.

DIDauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading WHY A MOUNTAIN SHEEP DID NOT WINK.

dogsnounUS /dɑːɡz/

plural of “dog” — a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

dryadjectiveUS /draɪ/

free from liquid or moisture; lacking natural or normal moisture or depleted of water; or no longer wet

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

enteredverbUS /ˈentərd/

past form of “enter” — to come or go into

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

exceptingverbUS /ˌekˈseptɪŋ/

-ing form of “except” — take exception to

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

FERRYverbUS /ˈferi/

transport from one place to another

From this reading GREEN RIVER FERRY.

FortnounUS /fɔːrt/

a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

GATEnounUS /ɡeɪt/

a movable barrier in a fence or wall

From this reading DEVIL'S GATE.

GREENnounUS /ɡriːn/

green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass

From this reading GREEN RIVER FERRY.

grownadjectiveUS /ɡroʊn/

(of animals) fully developed

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

HILLSnounUS /hɪlz/

plural of “hill” — a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading LOST IN THE BLACK HILLS.

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading LOST IN THE BLACK HILLS.

LaramienounUS /ˈlerəmi/

a university town in southeast Wyoming

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

LOSTadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading LOST IN THE BLACK HILLS.

lowadjectiveUS /loʊ/

less than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

MOUNTAINnounUS /ˈmaʊntən/

a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading WHY A MOUNTAIN SHEEP DID NOT WINK.

northwesterlyadjectiveUS /ˌnɔːrˈθwestərli/

coming from the northwest

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

NOTadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading WHY A MOUNTAIN SHEEP DID NOT WINK.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

pinenounUS /paɪn/

a coniferous tree

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

PlattenounUS /plæt/

a river in Nebraska that flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

prairienounUS /ˈpreri/

a treeless grassy plain

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

regionnounUS /ˈriːdʒən/

the extended spatial location of something

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

RIVERnounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading GREEN RIVER FERRY.

rollingadjectiveUS /ˈroʊlɪŋ/

uttered with a trill

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

scrubbyadjectiveUS /ˈskrʌbi/

sparsely covered with stunted trees or vegetation and underbrush

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

SHEEPnounUS /ʃiːp/

woolly usually horned ruminant mammal related to the goat

From this reading WHY A MOUNTAIN SHEEP DID NOT WINK.

soilnounUS /sɔɪl/

the state of being covered with unclean things

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

sparselyadverbUS /ˈspɑːrsli/

in a sparse way

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading LOST IN THE BLACK HILLS.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

uplandsnounUS /ˈʌpləndz/

plural of “upland” — elevated (e.g., mountainous) land

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

visibleadjectiveUS /ˈvɪzəbəl/

capable of being seen; or open to easy view

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

WHYnounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading WHY A MOUNTAIN SHEEP DID NOT WINK.

WINKverbUS /wɪŋk/

signal by winking

From this reading WHY A MOUNTAIN SHEEP DID NOT WINK.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading At Fort Laramie we left the Platte River, and, bearing northwesterly, entered the Black Hills, a region of low, rolling uplands, sparsely grown with scrubby pine trees; the soil black, very dry; where little animal life was visible, excepting prairie dogs.

Chapter 4 of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57 by Wm. Audley (William Audley), -1921 Maxwell holds 114 sentences, grouped into 23 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57 contain?

Chapter 4 holds 114 sentences of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57, unabridged, divided into 23 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57 by Wm. Audley (William Audley), -1921 Maxwell exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 114 sentences, grouped into 23 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57?

Work through the 23 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 23 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Crossing the Plains, Days of '57

Common questions about reading Crossing the Plains, Days of '57 by Wm. Audley (William Audley), -1921 Maxwell on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57?

Yes. All 1047 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #26858 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #26858, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Crossing the Plains, Days of '57 take to read?

About 87 minutes of reading across 210 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Crossing the Plains, Days of '57 section by section

How to work through Crossing the Plains, Days of '57 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in Crossing the Plains, Days of '57

Words and structures a reader meets early in Crossing the Plains, Days of '57, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Fording
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Platte
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Consumed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Entire
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Crossing the Plains, Days of '57; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.