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Cæsar's Column
Cæsar's Column

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Cæsar's Column is here in full — 63 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Cæsar's Column
Context Illustration Reading 1/12 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
"SHEOL" I looked down into the dark street.
I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.
As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.
I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.
There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Cæsar's Column

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of Cæsar's Column is here in full — 63 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/12 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"SHEOL" I looked down into the dark street.
Line 2
I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.
/aɪ kʊd siː ˈnʌθɪŋ bʌt ˌɪˈmiːdiːətli ə kənˈfjuːzd bʌz ənd ˈmɜːrmər ʌv ˈmoʊʃən ˈevriwer ərˈoʊz frʌm ðə depθs bɪˈloʊ miː/
Line 3
As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.
/æz ɪt ɡruː ˈlaʊdər ənd ˈklɪrər aɪ kʊd hiːr ðə mɑːrtʃ ʌv ˈθaʊzəndz ʌv fiːt ˈmuːvɪŋ ˈræpədli ənd ðen ə ˈnʌmbər ʌv ˈwæɡənz ˈhevəli ˈloʊdɪd kriːkt ənd ɡroʊnd ˈoʊvər ðə ˈpeɪvmənts/
Line 4
I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.
/aɪ sərˈmaɪzd ðæt ðiːz ˈwæɡənz wɜːr ˈloʊdɪd wɪð stoʊnz ənd wɜːr tuː biː juːzd ɪn ðə kənˈstrʌkʃən ʌv ðə ˈbærəkeɪdz/
Line 5
There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.
/ðer wɑːz noʊ ˈmjuːzɪk noʊ ˈʃaʊtɪŋ nɑːt ˈiːvɪn ðə saʊnd ʌv ˈvɔɪsəz bʌt træmp træmp træmp ɪn ˈendləs ˈmʌltətuːd ðə ˈhevi fiːt went baɪ ənd naʊ ənd ðen wer ðə laɪt jet striːmd aʊt ʌv ðə ˈwɪndoʊ ʌv sʌm haʊs aɪ kʊd siː ðə ˈɡlɪtər ʌv ðə stiːl ˈbærəlz ʌv ˈraɪfəlz ənd hiːr ənd ðer aɪ kɑːt ə ɡlɪmps ʌv men ɑːn ˈhɔːrsbæk ˈɔːfəsərz əˈperəntli bʌt drest ɪn ðə rʌf ɡɑːrb ʌv ˈwɜːrkmɪn/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

barrels noun US /ˈbærəlz/

the amount that many barrels might hold

From this reading “There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.”

barricades noun US /ˈbærəkeɪdz/

plural of “barricade” — a barrier set up by police to stop traffic on a street or road in order to catch a fugitive or inspect traffic etc.

From this reading “I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.”

buzz verb US /bʌz/

make a buzzing sound

From this reading “I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.”

creaked verb US /kriːkt/

past form of “creak” — make a high-pitched, screeching noise

From this reading “As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.”

glitter noun US /ˈɡlɪtər/

the quality of shining with a bright reflected light

From this reading “There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.”

pavements noun US /ˈpeɪvmənts/

plural of “pavement” — the paved surface of a thoroughfare

From this reading “As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.”

surmised verb US /sərˈmaɪzd/

past form of “surmise” — infer from incomplete evidence

From this reading “I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.”

wagons noun US /ˈwæɡənz/

plural of “wagon” — any of various kinds of wheeled vehicles drawn by an animal or a tractor

From this reading “As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.”

All words in this reading · 98

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

apparentlyadverbUS /əˈperəntli/

from appearances alone

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

aroseverbUS /ərˈoʊz/

inflected form of “arise” — come into existence; take on form or shape

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

barrelsnounUS /ˈbærəlz/

the amount that many barrels might hold

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

barricadesnounUS /ˈbærəkeɪdz/

plural of “barricade” — a barrier set up by police to stop traffic on a street or road in order to catch a fugitive or inspect traffic etc.

From this reading I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

buzzverbUS /bʌz/

make a buzzing sound

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

caughtverbUS /kɑːt/

inflected form of “catch” — discover or come upon accidentally, suddenly, or unexpectedly; catch somebody doing something or in a certain state

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

cleareradjectiveUS /ˈklɪrər/

comparative of “clear” — readily apparent to the mind

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

confusedadjectiveUS /kənˈfjuːzd/

perplexed by many conflicting situations or statements; filled with bewilderment

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

constructionnounUS /kənˈstrʌkʃən/

the act of constructing something

From this reading I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

creakedverbUS /kriːkt/

past form of “creak” — make a high-pitched, screeching noise

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading "SHEOL" I looked down into the dark street.

depthsnounUS /depθs/

(plural) the deepest and most remote part

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading "SHEOL" I looked down into the dark street.

dressedadjectiveUS /drest/

dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

endlessadjectiveUS /ˈendləs/

tiresomely long; seemingly without end

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

everywhereadverbUS /ˈevriwer/

to or in any or all places

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

feetnounUS /fiːt/

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

garbnounUS /ɡɑːrb/

clothing of a distinctive style or for a particular occasion

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

glimpsenounUS /ɡlɪmps/

a quick look

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

glitternounUS /ˈɡlɪtər/

the quality of shining with a bright reflected light

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

grewverbUS /ɡruː/

inflected form of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

groanedverbUS /ɡroʊnd/

past form of “groan” — indicate pain, discomfort, or displeasure

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

hearverbUS /hiːr/

perceive (sound) via the auditory sense

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

heavilyadverbUS /ˈhevəli/

to a considerable degree

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

heavyadjectiveUS /ˈhevi/

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

horsebacknounUS /ˈhɔːrsbæk/

the back of a horse

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading "SHEOL" I looked down into the dark street.

immediatelyadverbUS /ˌɪˈmiːdiːətli/

without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading "SHEOL" I looked down into the dark street.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

loadedadjectiveUS /ˈloʊdɪd/

filled with a great quantity

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading "SHEOL" I looked down into the dark street.

louderadjectiveUS /ˈlaʊdər/

comparative of “loud” — characterized by or producing sound of great volume or intensity

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

marchverbUS /mɑːrtʃ/

march in a procession

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

motionnounUS /ˈmoʊʃən/

the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

movingadjectiveUS /ˈmuːvɪŋ/

in motion

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

multitudenounUS /ˈmʌltətuːd/

a large indefinite number

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

murmurnounUS /ˈmɜːrmər/

a low continuous indistinct sound; often accompanied by movement of the lips without the production of articulate speech

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

musicnounUS /ˈmjuːzɪk/

an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

officersnounUS /ˈɔːfəsərz/

plural of “officer” — any person in the armed services who holds a position of authority or command

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

pavementsnounUS /ˈpeɪvmənts/

plural of “pavement” — the paved surface of a thoroughfare

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

rapidlyadverbUS /ˈræpədli/

with speed

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

riflesnounUS /ˈraɪfəlz/

plural of “rifle” — a shoulder firearm with a long barrel and a rifled bore

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

roughadjectiveUS /rʌf/

having or caused by an irregular surface

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading I could see nothing; but immediately a confused buzz and murmur, of motion everywhere, arose from the depths below me.

SHEOL

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "SHEOL" I looked down into the dark street.

shoutingnounUS /ˈʃaʊtɪŋ/

encouragement in the form of cheers from spectators

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

soundnounUS /saʊnd/

the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

steelnounUS /stiːl/

an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in construction; mechanical properties can be varied over a wide range

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

stonesnounUS /stoʊnz/

plural of “stone” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.

streamedverbUS /striːmd/

past form of “stream” — to extend, wave or float outward, as if in the wind

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

streetnounUS /striːt/

a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading "SHEOL" I looked down into the dark street.

surmisedverbUS /sərˈmaɪzd/

past form of “surmise” — infer from incomplete evidence

From this reading I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "SHEOL" I looked down into the dark street.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.

thousandsnounUS /ˈθaʊzəndz/

plural of “thousand” — the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.

trampnounUS /træmp/

a vagrant

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.

voicesnounUS /ˈvɔɪsəz/

plural of “voice” — the distinctive quality or pitch or condition of a person's speech

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

wagonsnounUS /ˈwæɡənz/

plural of “wagon” — any of various kinds of wheeled vehicles drawn by an animal or a tractor

From this reading As it grew louder and clearer I could hear the march of thousands of feet, moving rapidly; and then a number of wagons, heavily loaded, creaked and groaned over the pavements.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

windownounUS /ˈwɪndoʊ/

a framework of wood or metal that contains a glass windowpane and is built into a wall or roof to admit light or air

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading I surmised that these wagons were loaded with stones, and were to be used in the construction of the barricades.

workmennounUS /ˈwɜːrkmɪn/

plural of “workman” — an employee who performs manual or industrial labor

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading There was no music, no shouting, not even the sound of voices; but tramp, tramp, tramp, in endless multitude, the heavy feet went by; and now and then, where the light yet streamed out of the window of some house, I could see the glitter of the steel barrels of rifles; and here and there I caught a glimpse of men on horseback, officers apparently, but dressed in the rough garb of workmen.

Chapter 31 of Cæsar's Column by Ignatius Donnelly holds 63 sentences, grouped into 13 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of Cæsar's Column contain?

Chapter 31 holds 63 sentences of Cæsar's Column, unabridged, divided into 13 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of Cæsar's Column by Ignatius Donnelly exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 63 sentences, grouped into 13 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of Cæsar's Column?

Work through the 13 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 13 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Cæsar's Column

Common questions about reading Cæsar's Column by Ignatius Donnelly on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Cæsar's Column?

Yes. All 4928 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #5155 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Cæsar's Column is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #5155, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Cæsar's Column take to read?

About 410 minutes of reading across 986 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Cæsar's Column section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Cæsar's Column

Words and structures a reader meets early in Cæsar's Column, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Series
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cæsar's Column; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Letters
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cæsar's Column; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Gabriel
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cæsar's Column; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Weltstein
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cæsar's Column; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.