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Cæsar's Column
Cæsar's Column

Chapter XXXIX · Chapter 39

Chapter 39 of Cæsar's Column is here in full — 88 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Cæsar's Column
Context Illustration Reading 1/17 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
EUROPE The next day we were flying over the ocean.
The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.
Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.
Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.
A whale spouted.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Cæsar's Column

Chapter XXXIX · Chapter 39

Chapter 39 of Cæsar's Column is here in full — 88 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/17 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
EUROPE The next day we were flying over the ocean.
/ˈjʊrəp ðə nekst deɪ wiː wɜːr ˈflaɪɪŋ ˈoʊvər ðə ˈoʊʃən/
Line 2
The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.
Line 3
Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.
/fɑːr æz ðə aɪ kʊd riːtʃ ðeɪ siːmd tuː biː ˈklaɪmɪŋ ˈoʊvər iːtʃ ˈʌðər fərˈevər laɪk ðə ˈendləs ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃənz ʌv men ɪn ðə ərˈiːnə ʌv laɪf/
Line 4
Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.
Line 5
A whale spouted.
/ə weɪl ˈspaʊtɪd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

billows noun US /ˈbɪloʊz/

plural of “billow” — a large sea wave

From this reading “The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.”

changeable adjective US /ˈtʃeɪndʒəbəl/

capable of or tending to change in form or quality or nature

From this reading “The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.”

competitions noun US /ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃənz/

plural of “competition” — a business relation in which two parties compete to gain customers

From this reading “Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.”

foretell verb US /fɔːrˈtel/

foreshadow or presage

From this reading “Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.”

gentlest adjective US /ˈdʒentələst/

superlative of “gentle” — soft and mild; not harsh or stern or severe

From this reading “Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.”

harbingers noun US /ˈhɑːrbɪŋərz/

plural of “harbinger” — something that precedes and indicates the approach of something or someone

From this reading “Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.”

panorama noun US /ˌpænərˈæmə/

the visual percept of a region

From this reading “Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.”

spouted verb US /ˈspaʊtɪd/

past form of “spout” — gush forth in a sudden stream or jet

From this reading “A whale spouted.”

All words in this reading · 74

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

AboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

advancingadjectiveUS /ədˈvænsɪŋ/

moving forward

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

arenanounUS /ərˈiːnə/

a particular environment or walk of life

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

billowsnounUS /ˈbɪloʊz/

plural of “billow” — a large sea wave

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

changeableadjectiveUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəbəl/

capable of or tending to change in form or quality or nature

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

climbingnounUS /ˈklaɪmɪŋ/

an event that involves rising to a higher point (as in altitude or temperature or intensity etc.)

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

cloudsnounUS /klaʊdz/

plural of “cloud” — any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

colorsnounUS /ˈkʌlərz/

a flag that shows its nationality

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

competitionsnounUS /ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃənz/

plural of “competition” — a business relation in which two parties compete to gain customers

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading EUROPE The next day we were flying over the ocean.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

endlessadjectiveUS /ˈendləs/

tiresomely long; seemingly without end

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

EUROPEnounUS /ˈjʊrəp/

the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use “Europe” to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles

From this reading EUROPE The next day we were flying over the ocean.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

eyenounUS /aɪ/

the organ of sight

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

FaradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

fluctuous

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

flyingadjectiveUS /ˈflaɪɪŋ/

moving swiftly

From this reading EUROPE The next day we were flying over the ocean.

foamnounUS /foʊm/

a mass of small bubbles formed in or on a liquid

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

foretellverbUS /fɔːrˈtel/

foreshadow or presage

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

foreveradverbUS /fərˈevər/

for a limitless time

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

garmentnounUS /ˈɡɑːrmənt/

an article of clothing

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

gatheringnounUS /ˈɡæðərɪŋ/

a group of persons together in one place

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

gentlestadjectiveUS /ˈdʒentələst/

superlative of “gentle” — soft and mild; not harsh or stern or severe

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

harbingersnounUS /ˈhɑːrbɪŋərz/

plural of “harbinger” — something that precedes and indicates the approach of something or someone

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

huesnounUS /hjuːz/

plural of “hue” — the quality of a color as determined by its dominant wavelength

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

mingledverbUS /ˈmɪŋɡəld/

past form of “mingle” — to bring or combine together or with something else

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

mistsnounUS /mɪsts/

plural of “mist” — a thin fog with condensation near the ground

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

multitudinousadjective

too numerous to be counted

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading EUROPE The next day we were flying over the ocean.

oceannounUS /ˈoʊʃən/

a large body of water constituting a principal part of the hydrosphere

From this reading EUROPE The next day we were flying over the ocean.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading EUROPE The next day we were flying over the ocean.

panoramanounUS /ˌpænərˈæmə/

the visual percept of a region

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

reachverbUS /riːtʃ/

reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

slow-paced

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

spoutedverbUS /ˈspaʊtɪd/

past form of “spout” — gush forth in a sudden stream or jet

From this reading A whale spouted.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

tempestnounUS /ˈtempəst/

a violent commotion or disturbance

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

terrornounUS /ˈterər/

an overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading EUROPE The next day we were flying over the ocean.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Far as the eye could reach, they seemed to be climbing over each other forever, like the endless competitions of men in the arena of life.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

wavesnounUS /weɪvz/

plural of “wave” — one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of a liquid (especially across a large body of water)

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading EUROPE The next day we were flying over the ocean.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading EUROPE The next day we were flying over the ocean.

whalenounUS /weɪl/

a very large person; impressive in size or qualities

From this reading A whale spouted.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Above us was the panorama of the clouds--so often the harbingers of terror; for even in their gentlest forms they foretell the tempest, which is ever gathering the mists around it like a garment, and, however slow-paced, is still advancing.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The fluctuous and changeable waves were beneath us, with their multitudinous hues and colors, as light and foam and billows mingled.

Chapter 39 of Cæsar's Column by Ignatius Donnelly holds 88 sentences, grouped into 18 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 39 of Cæsar's Column contain?

Chapter 39 holds 88 sentences of Cæsar's Column, unabridged, divided into 18 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 39 of Cæsar's Column by Ignatius Donnelly exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 88 sentences, grouped into 18 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 39 of Cæsar's Column?

Work through the 18 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 18 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 39 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 39 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Cæsar's Column

Common questions about reading Cæsar's Column by Ignatius Donnelly on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Cæsar's Column?

Yes. All 4928 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #5155 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Cæsar's Column is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #5155, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Cæsar's Column take to read?

About 410 minutes of reading across 986 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Cæsar's Column section by section

How to work through Cæsar's Column section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Cæsar's Column to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Cæsar's Column

Words and structures a reader meets early in Cæsar's Column, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Series
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cæsar's Column; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Letters
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cæsar's Column; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Gabriel
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cæsar's Column; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Weltstein
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Cæsar's Column; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.