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Debating for boys
Debating for boys

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Debating for boys is here in full — 70 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/14 · 5 lines
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EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.
In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.
Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.
Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.
You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Debating for boys

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Debating for boys is here in full — 70 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/14 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.
/ˈevədəns ˈæftər juː hæv ˈmɑːrʃəld ðə fækts juː wɪʃ tuː pruːv juː mʌst kənˈsɪdər ðə ˈklæsəz ʌv ˈevədəns baɪ wɪtʃ juː wɪʃ tuː pruːv ðem/
Line 2
In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.
/ɪn ðə fɜːrst pleɪs ðer ɪz ðə dərˈekt ˈsteɪtmənt ʌv ðə fækts baɪ ˈwɪtnəsəz ɔːr ðə əˈpɪnjənz ʌv ðoʊz ˈwɪtnəsəz huː ɑːr ˈkwɑːləfaɪd tuː spiːk æz ˈekspərts/
Line 3
Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.
/ðen ðer ɪz ˌsɜːrkəmˈstænʃəl ˈevədəns wɪtʃ kənˈsɪsts ʌv ˈɪnfərensɪz ˈferli drɔːn frʌm fækts ɪn ˈʌðər wɜːrdz ˈriːzənɪŋ əˈbaʊt fækts/
Line 4
Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.
/ðʌs ɪf juː wɪʃ tuː pruːv ðæt ˈkʌtɪŋ ðə ˈfɔːrəst ɔːf ðə ˈnɔːrðərn pɑːrt ʌv ðə ˈloʊər pəˈnɪnsələ ʌv ˈmɪʃɪɡən hæz ˈlesənd ðə ˈreɪnfɔːl ɪn ðæt steɪt juː kʊd ˈprezənt θriː ˈklæsəz ʌv ˈtestəmoʊni/
Line 5
You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.
/juː kʊd brɪŋ ˈfɔːrwərd æn oʊld ˈrezɪdənt huː hæd noʊn ˈmɪʃɪɡən wen ɪt wɑːz ˈwʊdɪd ənd wen ɪt wɑːz strɪpt ʌv ɪts ˈtɪmbər ɪf frʌm hɪz oʊn ˈpɜːrsɪnəl ˌɑːbzərˈveɪʃən hiː kʊd ˈtestəfaɪ ðæt æz ðə ˈtɪmbər wɑːz kʌt ɔːf ðə ˈreɪnfɔːl hæd dɪˈmɪnɪʃt ðæt wʊd biː dərˈekt ˈevədəns ʌv ðæt fækt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

circumstantial adjective US /ˌsɜːrkəmˈstænʃəl/

fully detailed and specific about particulars

From this reading “Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.”

experts noun US /ˈekspərts/

plural of “expert” — a person with special knowledge or ability who performs skillfully

From this reading “In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.”

inferences noun US /ˈɪnfərensɪz/

plural of “inference” — the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation

From this reading “Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.”

lessened adjective US /ˈlesənd/

impaired by diminution

From this reading “Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.”

marshaled verb US /ˈmɑːrʃəld/

past form of “marshal” — place in proper rank

From this reading “EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.”

Michigan noun US /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/

a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region

From this reading “Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.”

peninsula noun US /pəˈnɪnsələ/

a large mass of land projecting into a body of water

From this reading “Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.”

rainfall noun US /ˈreɪnfɔːl/

water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere

From this reading “Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

circumstantial evidence adjective + noun

evidence providing only a basis for inference about the fact in dispute

In this reading “Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.”

cut off verb + particle

make a break in

In this reading “You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.”

personal observation adjective + noun

In this reading “You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.”

direct evidence verb + noun

evidence (usually the testimony of a witness) directly related to the fact in dispute

In this reading “You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.”

northern part adjective + noun

In this reading “Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.”

own personal verb + adjective

In this reading “You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.”

first place adjective + noun

In this reading “In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.”

bring forward verb + particle

cause to move forward

In this reading “You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.”

All words in this reading · 90

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

bringverbUS /brɪŋ/

take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

circumstantialadjectiveUS /ˌsɜːrkəmˈstænʃəl/

fully detailed and specific about particulars

From this reading Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.

classesnounUS /ˈklæsəz/

plural of “class” — a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

considerverbUS /kənˈsɪdər/

deem to be

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

consistsverbUS /kənˈsɪsts/

third-person singular of “consist” — originate

From this reading Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

cutverbUS /kʌt/

separate with or as if with an instrument

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

cuttingnounUS /ˈkʌtɪŋ/

the activity of selecting the scenes to be shown and putting them together to create a film

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

diminishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈmɪnɪʃt/

impaired by diminution

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

directverbUS /dərˈekt/

command with authority

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

drawnadjectiveUS /drɔːn/

showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering

From this reading Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.

EVIDENCEnounUS /ˈevədəns/

your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

expertsnounUS /ˈekspərts/

plural of “expert” — a person with special knowledge or ability who performs skillfully

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

factsnounUS /fækts/

plural of “fact” — a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

fairlyadverbUS /ˈferli/

to certain extent or degree

From this reading Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

forestnounUS /ˈfɔːrəst/

the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

forwardadverbUS /ˈfɔːrwərd/

at or to or toward the front

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

inferencesnounUS /ˈɪnfərensɪz/

plural of “inference” — the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation

From this reading Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

lessenedadjectiveUS /ˈlesənd/

impaired by diminution

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

marshaledverbUS /ˈmɑːrʃəld/

past form of “marshal” — place in proper rank

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

MichigannounUS /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/

a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

northernadjectiveUS /ˈnɔːrðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

observationnounUS /ˌɑːbzərˈveɪʃən/

the act of making and recording a measurement

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

opinionsnounUS /əˈpɪnjənz/

plural of “opinion” — a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

peninsulanounUS /pəˈnɪnsələ/

a large mass of land projecting into a body of water

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

personaladjectiveUS /ˈpɜːrsɪnəl/

concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

proveverbUS /pruːv/

be shown or be found to be

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

qualifiedadjectiveUS /ˈkwɑːləfaɪd/

meeting the proper standards and requirements and training for an office or position or task

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

rainfallnounUS /ˈreɪnfɔːl/

water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

reasoningnounUS /ˈriːzənɪŋ/

thinking that is coherent and logical

From this reading Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.

residentadjectiveUS /ˈrezɪdənt/

living in a particular place

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

StatenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

statementnounUS /ˈsteɪtmənt/

a message that is stated or declared; a communication (oral or written) setting forth particulars or facts etc

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

strippedadjectiveUS /strɪpt/

having only essential or minimal features

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

testifyverbUS /ˈtestəfaɪ/

give testimony in a court of law

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

testimonynounUS /ˈtestəmoʊni/

a solemn statement made under oath

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

ThenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

ThusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading Thus if you wish to prove that cutting the forest off the northern part of the lower peninsula of Michigan has lessened the rainfall in that State, you could present three classes of testimony.

timbernounUS /ˈtɪmbər/

the wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

wishverbUS /wɪʃ/

hope for; have a wish

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

witnessesnounUS /ˈwɪtnəsəz/

plural of “witness” — someone who sees an event and reports what happened

From this reading In the first place there is the direct statement of the facts by witnesses, or the opinions of those witnesses who are qualified to speak as experts.

woodedadjectiveUS /ˈwʊdɪd/

covered with growing trees and bushes etc

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading Then there is circumstantial evidence, which consists of inferences fairly drawn from facts; in other words reasoning about facts.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading You could bring forward an old resident who had known Michigan when it was wooded and when it was stripped of its timber; if from his own personal observation he could testify that as the timber was cut off the rainfall had diminished, that would be direct evidence of that fact.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading EVIDENCE After you have marshaled the facts you wish to prove, you must consider the classes of evidence by which you wish to prove them.

Chapter 7 of Debating for boys by William Horton Foster holds 70 sentences, grouped into 14 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of Debating for boys contain?

Chapter 7 holds 70 sentences of Debating for boys, unabridged, divided into 14 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of Debating for boys by William Horton Foster exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 70 sentences, grouped into 14 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of Debating for boys?

Work through the 14 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 14 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Debating for boys

Common questions about reading Debating for boys by William Horton Foster on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Debating for boys?

Yes. All 1995 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #70568 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Debating for boys is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #70568, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Debating for boys take to read?

About 166 minutes of reading across 399 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Debating for boys

Words and structures a reader meets early in Debating for boys, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Electrotyped
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Debating for boys; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Published
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Debating for boys; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
August
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Debating for boys; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Judge
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Debating for boys; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.