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Debating for boys
Debating for boys

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Debating for boys is here in full — 150 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/30 · 5 lines
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THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”
You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.
You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.
Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.
For two reasons, you need the “brief” at this stage of your analysis.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Debating for boys

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Debating for boys is here in full — 150 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/30 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”
/ðə briːf səˈpoʊz juː hæv ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tuː dəˈbeɪt wʌn feɪz ʌv ðə tʃaɪld ˈleɪbər ˈprɑːbləm ənd jɔːr ˈkwestʃən riːdz ˈsʌmθɪŋ laɪk ðɪs riˈzɑːlvd ðæt noʊ ˈtʃɪldrən bɪˈloʊ ðə eɪdʒ ʌv sɪkˈstiːn jɪrz ʃʊd biː əˈlaʊd tuː wɜːrk ɪn ˈfæktəriz/
Line 2
You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.
/juː siː ðə ˈkwestʃən oʊˈmɪts ɔːl dɪˈskʌʃən ʌv tʃaɪld ˈleɪbər ɑːn ðə fɑːrm fɔːr ˈɪnstəns ɔːr ɪn ðə striːt treɪdz ɔːr ɪn ˈeni ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃən ɪkˈsept ðoʊz wɪˈðɪn dɔːrz ˈʌndər ˈfæktəri kənˈdɪʃənz/
Line 3
You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.
Line 4
Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.
/ˈʌðərwaɪz juː wʊd biː kəmˈpeld tuː dɪˈfaɪn ðem mɔːr ˈkerfəli ɪn ðə ˈkwestʃən ˌɪtˈself æz juː ˈsteɪtɪd ɪt/
Line 5
For two reasons, you need the “brief” at this stage of your analysis.
/fɔːr tuː ˈriːzənz juː niːd ðə briːf æt ðɪs steɪdʒ ʌv jɔːr əˈnæləsəs/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

analysis noun US /əˈnæləsəs/

an investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole

From this reading “You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.”

define verb US /dɪˈfaɪn/

determine the essential quality of

From this reading “Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.”

establishments noun US /eˈstæblɪʃmənts/

plural of “establishment” — the act of forming or establishing something

From this reading “You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.”

factories noun US /ˈfæktəriz/

plural of “factory” — a plant consisting of one or more buildings with facilities for manufacturing

From this reading “THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.””

manufacturing noun US /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərɪŋ/

the act of making something (a product) from raw materials

From this reading “You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.”

omits verb US /oʊˈmɪts/

third-person singular of “omit” — prevent from being included or considered or accepted

From this reading “You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.”

opponents noun US /əˈpoʊnənts/

plural of “opponent” — a contestant that you are matched against

From this reading “You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.”

trades noun US /treɪdz/

plural of “trade” — the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading “You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

sixteen years adjective + noun

In this reading “THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.””

for instance preposition + noun

as an example

In this reading “You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.”

mean by verb + particle

In this reading “You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.”

in the street preposition + article + noun counted as “in … street”

In this reading “You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.”

All words in this reading · 88

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

actualadjectiveUS /ˈæktʃəwəl/

presently existing in fact and not merely potential or possible

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

agreeverbUS /əˈɡriː/

be in accord; be in agreement

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

allowedverbUS /əˈlaʊd/

past form of “allow” — make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

analysisnounUS /əˈnæləsəs/

an investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading For two reasons, you need the “brief” at this stage of your analysis.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

beginverbUS /bɪˈɡɪn/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

BRIEFadjectiveUS /briːf/

of short duration or distance

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

carefullyadverbUS /ˈkerfəli/

taking care or paying attention

From this reading Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.

childnounUS /tʃaɪld/

a young person of either sex

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

compelledverbUS /kəmˈpeld/

inflected form of “compel” — force somebody to do something

From this reading Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.

conditionsnounUS /kənˈdɪʃənz/

the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

debateverbUS /dəˈbeɪt/

argue with one another

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

decidedadjectiveUS /ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd/

recognizable; marked

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

defineverbUS /dɪˈfaɪn/

determine the essential quality of

From this reading Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.

discussionnounUS /dɪˈskʌʃən/

an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

doorsnounUS /dɔːrz/

plural of “door” — a swinging or sliding barrier that will close the entrance to a room or building or vehicle

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

establishmentsnounUS /eˈstæblɪʃmənts/

plural of “establishment” — the act of forming or establishing something

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

factoriesnounUS /ˈfæktəriz/

plural of “factory” — a plant consisting of one or more buildings with facilities for manufacturing

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

factorynounUS /ˈfæktəri/

a plant consisting of one or more buildings with facilities for manufacturing

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

farmverbUS /fɑːrm/

be a farmer; work as a farmer

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

instancenounUS /ˈɪnstəns/

an occurrence of something

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

labornounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

manufacturingnounUS /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərɪŋ/

the act of making something (a product) from raw materials

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

meanverbUS /miːn/

mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

neednounUS /niːd/

a condition requiring relief

From this reading For two reasons, you need the “brief” at this stage of your analysis.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

occupationnounUS /ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃən/

the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

omitsverbUS /oʊˈmɪts/

third-person singular of “omit” — prevent from being included or considered or accepted

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

opponentsnounUS /əˈpoʊnənts/

plural of “opponent” — a contestant that you are matched against

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

OtherwiseadverbUS /ˈʌðərwaɪz/

in other respects or ways

From this reading Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.

phasenounUS /feɪz/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

problemnounUS /ˈprɑːbləm/

a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

readsnounUS /riːdz/

plural of “read” — something that is read

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

reasonsnounUS /ˈriːzənz/

plural of “reason” — a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading For two reasons, you need the “brief” at this stage of your analysis.

ResolvedadjectiveUS /riˈzɑːlvd/

determined

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

sixteenadjectiveUS /sɪkˈstiːn/

being one more than fifteen

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

stagenounUS /steɪdʒ/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading For two reasons, you need the “brief” at this stage of your analysis.

statedadjectiveUS /ˈsteɪtɪd/

declared as fact; explicitly stated

From this reading Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.

streetnounUS /striːt/

a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

SupposeverbUS /səˈpoʊz/

express a supposition

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

tradesnounUS /treɪdz/

plural of “trade” — the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading For two reasons, you need the “brief” at this stage of your analysis.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading You will see, also, that before you begin your actual analysis, you and your opponents must agree on what you mean by “factories”—just what kind of manufacturing establishments you have in mind.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading You see the question omits all discussion of child labor on the farm, for instance, or in the street trades, or in any occupation except those within doors under factory conditions.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Otherwise you would be compelled to define them more carefully in the question itself as you stated it.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading THE BRIEF Suppose you have decided to debate one phase of the child labor problem, and your question reads something like this: “Resolved: that no children below the age of sixteen years should be allowed to work in factories.”

Chapter 8 of Debating for boys by William Horton Foster holds 150 sentences, grouped into 30 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Debating for boys contain?

Chapter 8 holds 150 sentences of Debating for boys, unabridged, divided into 30 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Debating for boys by William Horton Foster exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 150 sentences, grouped into 30 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Debating for boys?

Work through the 30 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 30 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Debating for boys

Common questions about reading Debating for boys by William Horton Foster on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Debating for boys?

Yes. All 1995 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #70568 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Debating for boys is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #70568, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Debating for boys take to read?

About 166 minutes of reading across 399 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Debating for boys section by section

How to work through Debating for boys section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 15 chapters of Debating for boys to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Debating for boys

Words and structures a reader meets early in Debating for boys, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Electrotyped
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Debating for boys; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Published
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Debating for boys; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
August
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Debating for boys; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Judge
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Debating for boys; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.