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Debit and Credit Translated from the German
Debit and Credit Translated from the German

Chapter XXIII · Chapter 23

Chapter 23 of Debit and Credit Translated from the German is here in full — 377 sentences across 76 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Debit and Credit Translated from the German
Context Illustration Reading 1/75 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Wave after wave broke over the head of the drowning man.
The factory had now been in operation for some months.
The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.
Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.
There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Debit and Credit Translated from the German

Chapter XXIII · Chapter 23

Chapter 23 of Debit and Credit Translated from the German is here in full — 377 sentences across 76 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/75 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Wave after wave broke over the head of the drowning man.
/weɪv ˈæftər weɪv broʊk ˈoʊvər ðə hed ʌv ðə ˈdraʊnɪŋ mæn/
Line 2
The factory had now been in operation for some months.
/ðə ˈfæktəri hæd naʊ bɪn ɪn ˌɑːpərˈeɪʃən fɔːr sʌm mʌnθs/
Line 3
The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.
Line 4
Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.
Line 5
There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

contracts noun US /ˈkɑːntrækts/

plural of “contract” — a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law

From this reading “Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.”

cultivation noun US /ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃən/

socialization through training and education to develop one's mind or manners

From this reading “The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.”

deficient adjective US /dɪˈfɪʃənt/

inadequate in amount or degree

From this reading “The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.”

dispersed adjective US /dɪˈspɜːrst/

distributed or spread over a considerable extent

From this reading “There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.”

drowning verb US /ˈdraʊnɪŋ/

-ing form of “drown” — cover completely or make imperceptible

From this reading “Wave after wave broke over the head of the drowning man.”

fulfill verb US /fʊlˈfɪl/

put in effect

From this reading “Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.”

scarcity noun US /ˈskersɪti/

a small and inadequate amount

From this reading “There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.”

unsuccessful adjective US /ˌʌnsəkˈsesfəl/

not successful; having failed or having an unfavorable outcome

From this reading “The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.”

All words in this reading · 54

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Wave after wave broke over the head of the drowning man.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The factory had now been in operation for some months.

beet-root

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

brokeadjectiveUS /broʊk/

lacking funds

From this reading Wave after wave broke over the head of the drowning man.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.

capitalnounUS /ˈkæpətəl/

assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.

contractsnounUS /ˈkɑːntrækts/

plural of “contract” — a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law

From this reading Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

cropnounUS /krɑːp/

the yield from plants in a single growing season

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

cultivationnounUS /ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃən/

socialization through training and education to develop one's mind or manners

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

deficientadjectiveUS /dɪˈfɪʃənt/

inadequate in amount or degree

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

dispersedadjectiveUS /dɪˈspɜːrst/

distributed or spread over a considerable extent

From this reading There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.

drowningverbUS /ˈdraʊnɪŋ/

-ing form of “drown” — cover completely or make imperceptible

From this reading Wave after wave broke over the head of the drowning man.

estatenounUS /ɪˈsteɪt/

everything you own; all of your assets (whether real property or personal property) and liabilities

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

factorynounUS /ˈfæktəri/

a plant consisting of one or more buildings with facilities for manufacturing

From this reading The factory had now been in operation for some months.

failedverbUS /feɪld/

past form of “fail” — fail to do something; leave something undone

From this reading Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.

farmersnounUS /ˈfɑːrmərz/

plural of “farmer” — a person who operates a farm

From this reading Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The factory had now been in operation for some months.

fulfillverbUS /fʊlˈfɪl/

put in effect

From this reading Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The factory had now been in operation for some months.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Wave after wave broke over the head of the drowning man.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The factory had now been in operation for some months.

inferioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈfɪriər/

of or characteristic of low rank or importance

From this reading Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Wave after wave broke over the head of the drowning man.

ManyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.

monthsnounUS /mʌnθs/

plural of “month” — one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading The factory had now been in operation for some months.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The factory had now been in operation for some months.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Wave after wave broke over the head of the drowning man.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

operationnounUS /ˌɑːpərˈeɪʃən/

the state of being in effect or being operative

From this reading The factory had now been in operation for some months.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Wave after wave broke over the head of the drowning man.

produceverbUS /prəˈduːs/

bring forth or yield

From this reading Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.

provedadjectiveUS /pruːvd/

established beyond doubt

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

roundnounUS /raʊnd/

a charge of ammunition for a single shot

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

scarcitynounUS /ˈskersɪti/

a small and inadequate amount

From this reading There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading The factory had now been in operation for some months.

stoppedadjectiveUS /stɑːpt/

(of a nose) blocked

From this reading There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Wave after wave broke over the head of the drowning man.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Many of the small farmers had failed to fulfill their contracts, and others had brought in inferior produce.

unsuccessfuladjectiveUS /ˌʌnsəkˈsesfəl/

not successful; having failed or having an unfavorable outcome

From this reading The beet-root crop on the estate itself had been deficient, and the cultivation of it in the country round had proved unsuccessful.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.

WavenounUS /weɪv/

one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of a liquid (especially across a large body of water)

From this reading Wave after wave broke over the head of the drowning man.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.

workmennounUS /ˈwɜːrkmɪn/

plural of “workman” — an employee who performs manual or industrial labor

From this reading There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading There was a scarcity of beet-root as well as a scarcity of capital; the works stopped, the workmen dispersed.

Chapter 23 of Debit and Credit Translated from the German by Gustav Freytag holds 377 sentences, grouped into 76 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 23 of Debit and Credit Translated from the German contain?

Chapter 23 holds 377 sentences of Debit and Credit Translated from the German, unabridged, divided into 76 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 23 of Debit and Credit Translated from the German by Gustav Freytag exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 377 sentences, grouped into 76 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 23 of Debit and Credit Translated from the German?

Work through the 76 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 76 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 23 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 23 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Debit and Credit Translated from the German

Common questions about reading Debit and Credit Translated from the German by Gustav Freytag on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Debit and Credit Translated from the German?

Yes. All 12154 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #19754 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Debit and Credit Translated from the German is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #19754, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Debit and Credit Translated from the German take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 2431 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Debit and Credit Translated from the German section by section

How to work through Debit and Credit Translated from the German section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Debit and Credit Translated from the German

Words and structures a reader meets early in Debit and Credit Translated from the German, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Ostrau
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Debit and Credit Translated from the German; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Small
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Debit and Credit Translated from the German; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Celebrated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Debit and Credit Translated from the German; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Poland
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Debit and Credit Translated from the German; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.