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Democracy, an American novel
Democracy, an American novel

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Democracy, an American novel is here in full — 101 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/20 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.
She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.
In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.
It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.
Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
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Democracy, an American novel

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Democracy, an American novel is here in full — 101 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/20 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.
Line 2
She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.
/ʃiː wɑːz ɪn ˈeksələnt helθ bʌt ʃiː sed ðæt ðə ˈklaɪmət wʊd duː hɜːr ɡʊd/
Line 3
In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.
/ɪn nuː jɔːrk ʃiː hæd truːps ʌv frendz bʌt ʃiː ˈsʌdənli bɪˈkeɪm ˈiːɡər tuː siː əˈɡen ðə ˈveri smɔːl ˈnʌmbər ʌv ðoʊz huː lɪvd ɑːn ðə pəˈtoʊmək/
Line 4
It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.
/ɪt wɑːz ˈoʊnli tuː hɜːr ˈkloʊsəst ˈɪntəməts ðæt ʃiː ˈɑːnəstli ækˈnɑːlɪdʒd hərˈself tuː biː ˈtɔːrtʃərd baɪ eˈnuːi/
Line 5
Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.
/sɪns hɜːr ˈhʌzbəndz deθ faɪv jɪrz bɪˈfɔːr ʃiː hæd lɔːst hɜːr teɪst fɔːr nuː jɔːrk səˈsaɪəti ʃiː hæd felt noʊ ˈɪntrəst ɪn ðə praɪs ʌv stɑːks ənd ˈveri ˈlɪtəl ɪn ðə men huː delt ɪn ðem ʃiː hæd bɪˈkʌm ˈsɪriəs/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

climate noun US /ˈklaɪmət/

the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time

From this reading “She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.”

closest adverb US /ˈkloʊsəst/

(superlative of “near” or “close”) within the shortest distance

From this reading “It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.”

dealt verb US /delt/

inflected form of “deal” — act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression

From this reading “Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.”

ennui noun US /eˈnuːi/

the feeling of being bored by something tedious

From this reading “It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.”

intimates noun US /ˈɪntəməts/

plural of “intimate” — someone to whom private matters are confided

From this reading “It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.”

Potomac noun US /pəˈtoʊmək/

a river in the east central United States; rises in West Virginia in the Appalachian Mountains and flows eastward, forming the boundary between Maryland and Virginia, to the Chesapeake Bay

From this reading “In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.”

stocks noun US /stɑːks/

a frame that supports a boat while it is under construction

From this reading “Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.”

tortured adjective US /ˈtɔːrtʃərd/

experiencing intense pain especially mental pain

From this reading “It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.”

All words in this reading · 80

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

acknowledgedadjectiveUS /ækˈnɑːlɪdʒd/

recognized or made known or admitted

From this reading It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.

becameverbUS /bɪˈkeɪm/

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.

climatenounUS /ˈklaɪmət/

the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time

From this reading She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.

closestadverbUS /ˈkloʊsəst/

(superlative of “near” or “close”) within the shortest distance

From this reading It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.

dealtverbUS /delt/

inflected form of “deal” — act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

decidedadjectiveUS /ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd/

recognizable; marked

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.

eageradjectiveUS /ˈiːɡər/

having or showing keen interest or intense desire or impatient expectancy

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

ennuinounUS /eˈnuːi/

the feeling of being bored by something tedious

From this reading It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.

excellentadjectiveUS /ˈeksələnt/

very good; of the highest quality

From this reading She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.

feltverbUS /felt/

mat together and make felt-like

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

fivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

FORprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

healthnounUS /helθ/

a healthy state of wellbeing free from disease

From this reading She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.

herselfpronounUS /hərˈself/

used when the woman or girl doing the action is also its object

From this reading It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.

honestlyadverbUS /ˈɑːnəstli/

(used as intensives reflecting the speaker's attitude) it is sincerely the case that

From this reading It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.

husband'snounUS /ˈhʌzbəndz/

possessive form of “husband” — a married man; a woman's partner in marriage

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

intimatesnounUS /ˈɪntəməts/

plural of “intimate” — someone to whom private matters are confided

From this reading It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.

LeenounUS /liː/

United States filmmaker whose works explore the richness of black culture in America (born in 1957)

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

Lightfoot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

livedverbUS /lɪvd/

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

MrsnounUS /ˈmɪsɪz/

a form of address for a married woman

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.

passverbUS /pæs/

go across or through

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

personsnounUS /ˈpɜːrsənz/

plural of “person” — a human being

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

PotomacnounUS /pəˈtoʊmək/

a river in the east central United States; rises in West Virginia in the Appalachian Mountains and flows eastward, forming the boundary between Maryland and Virginia, to the Chesapeake Bay

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

pricenounUS /praɪs/

the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold)

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

reasonsnounUS /ˈriːzənz/

plural of “reason” — a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

ridiculousadjectiveUS /rɪˈdɪkjələs/

inspiring scornful pity

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

seriousadjectiveUS /ˈsɪriəs/

concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

ShepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.

SinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

societynounUS /səˈsaɪəti/

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

stocksnounUS /stɑːks/

a frame that supports a boat while it is under construction

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

suddenlyadverbUS /ˈsʌdənli/

happening unexpectedly

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

tasteverbUS /teɪst/

To perceive flavor through the mouth.

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

torturedadjectiveUS /ˈtɔːrtʃərd/

experiencing intense pain especially mental pain

From this reading It was only to her closest intimates that she honestly acknowledged herself to be tortured by ennui.

troopsnounUS /truːps/

soldiers collectively

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.

WashingtonnounUS /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən/

the capital of the United States in the District of Columbia and a tourist mecca; George Washington commissioned Charles L'Enfant to lay out the city in 1791

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading FOR reasons which many persons thought ridiculous, Mrs. Lightfoot Lee decided to pass the winter in Washington.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading She was in excellent health, but she said that the climate would do her good.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Since her husband's death, five years before, she had lost her taste for New York society; she had felt no interest in the price of stocks, and very little in the men who dealt in them; she had become serious.

YorknounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading In New York she had troops of friends, but she suddenly became eager to see again the very small number of those who lived on the Potomac.

Chapter 1 of Democracy, an American novel by Henry Adams holds 101 sentences, grouped into 21 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Democracy, an American novel contain?

Chapter 1 holds 101 sentences of Democracy, an American novel, unabridged, divided into 21 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Democracy, an American novel by Henry Adams exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 101 sentences, grouped into 21 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Democracy, an American novel?

Work through the 21 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 21 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Democracy, an American novel

Common questions about reading Democracy, an American novel by Henry Adams on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Democracy, an American novel?

Yes. All 3452 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2815 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Democracy, an American novel is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #2815, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Democracy, an American novel take to read?

About 287 minutes of reading across 691 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through Democracy, an American novel section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Democracy, an American novel

Words and structures a reader meets early in Democracy, an American novel, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Reasons
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Democracy, an American novel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Persons
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Democracy, an American novel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Thought
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Democracy, an American novel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ridiculous
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Democracy, an American novel; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.