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Direct methods
Direct methods

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Direct methods is here in full — 535 sentences across 107 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Direct methods
Context Illustration Reading 1/107 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.
To do more good, he changed the altitude adjustment completely.
The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.
Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.
Hinkley turned the gas on again, and then Broughton began to click the switches on and off rapidly.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Direct methods

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Direct methods is here in full — 535 sentences across 107 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/107 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.
Line 2
To do more good, he changed the altitude adjustment completely.
/tuː duː mɔːr ɡʊd hiː tʃeɪndʒd ðə ˈæltətuːd əˈdʒʌstmənt kəmˈpliːtli/
Line 3
The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.
/ðə ˈɑːbdʒekt ʌv ɔːl ðɪs wɑːz tuː liːn daʊn ðə ɡæs ˈmɪkstʃər ɪn ðə ˈkɑːrbəreɪtər/
Line 4
Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.
/ˈʃɔːrtli æz ðə ɡæs hæd ˈpræktɪkli rʌn aʊt ðə ˈmoʊtər bɪˈɡæn tuː pɑːp bæk wɪð laʊd rɪˈpɔːrts/
Line 5
Hinkley turned the gas on again, and then Broughton began to click the switches on and off rapidly.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

adjustment noun US /əˈdʒʌstmənt/

making or becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances

From this reading “To do more good, he changed the altitude adjustment completely.”

altitude noun US /ˈæltətuːd/

elevation especially above sea level or above the earth's surface

From this reading “To do more good, he changed the altitude adjustment completely.”

carburetor noun US /ˈkɑːrbəreɪtər/

mixes air with gasoline vapor prior to explosion

From this reading “The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.”

click verb US /klɪk/

move or strike with a noise

From this reading “Hinkley turned the gas on again, and then Broughton began to click the switches on and off rapidly.”

motioned verb US /ˈmoʊʃənd/

past form of “motion” — show, express or direct through movement

From this reading “Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.”

pop verb US /pɑːp/

bulge outward

From this reading “Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.”

retarded adjective US /rɪˈtɑːrdɪd/

relatively slow in mental or emotional or physical development

From this reading “Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.”

switches noun US /ˈswɪtʃəz/

plural of “switch” — control consisting of a mechanical or electrical or electronic device for making or breaking or changing the connections in a circuit

From this reading “Hinkley turned the gas on again, and then Broughton began to click the switches on and off rapidly.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

left hand noun + noun

the hand that is on the left side of the body

In this reading “Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.”

switches on verb + particle counted as “switch on”

cause to operate by flipping a switch

In this reading “Hinkley turned the gas on again, and then Broughton began to click the switches on and off rapidly.”

run out verb + adjective

become used up; be exhausted

In this reading “Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.”

All words in this reading · 53

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adjustmentnounUS /əˈdʒʌstmənt/

making or becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances

From this reading To do more good, he changed the altitude adjustment completely.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading Hinkley turned the gas on again, and then Broughton began to click the switches on and off rapidly.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.

altitudenounUS /ˈæltətuːd/

elevation especially above sea level or above the earth's surface

From this reading To do more good, he changed the altitude adjustment completely.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.

Broughton

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hinkley turned the gas on again, and then Broughton began to click the switches on and off rapidly.

carburetornounUS /ˈkɑːrbəreɪtər/

mixes air with gasoline vapor prior to explosion

From this reading The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.

changedadjectiveUS /tʃeɪndʒd/

made or become different in nature or form

From this reading To do more good, he changed the altitude adjustment completely.

clickverbUS /klɪk/

move or strike with a noise

From this reading Hinkley turned the gas on again, and then Broughton began to click the switches on and off rapidly.

completelyadverbUS /kəmˈpliːtli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading To do more good, he changed the altitude adjustment completely.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading To do more good, he changed the altitude adjustment completely.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.

gasnounUS /ɡæs/

the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading To do more good, he changed the altitude adjustment completely.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading To do more good, he changed the altitude adjustment completely.

Hinkley

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.

Jim

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

leanverbUS /liːn/

to incline or bend from a vertical position

From this reading The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

loudadjectiveUS /laʊd/

characterized by or producing sound of great volume or intensity

From this reading Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.

mixturenounUS /ˈmɪkstʃər/

(chemistry) a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding)

From this reading The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading To do more good, he changed the altitude adjustment completely.

motionedverbUS /ˈmoʊʃənd/

past form of “motion” — show, express or direct through movement

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

motornounUS /ˈmoʊtər/

machine that converts other forms of energy into mechanical energy and so imparts motion

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

objectnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekt/

a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.

popverbUS /pɑːp/

bulge outward

From this reading Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.

practicallyadverbUS /ˈpræktɪkli/

almost; nearly

From this reading Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.

rapidlyadverbUS /ˈræpədli/

with speed

From this reading Hinkley turned the gas on again, and then Broughton began to click the switches on and off rapidly.

reportsnounUS /rɪˈpɔːrts/

plural of “report” — a written document describing the findings of some individual or group

From this reading Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.

retardedadjectiveUS /rɪˈtɑːrdɪd/

relatively slow in mental or emotional or physical development

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

runverbUS /rʌn/

move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.

ShortlyadverbUS /ˈʃɔːrtli/

for a short time

From this reading Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.

sparknounUS /spɑːrk/

a momentary flash of light

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

switchesnounUS /ˈswɪtʃəz/

plural of “switch” — control consisting of a mechanical or electrical or electronic device for making or breaking or changing the connections in a circuit

From this reading Hinkley turned the gas on again, and then Broughton began to click the switches on and off rapidly.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Hinkley turned the gas on again, and then Broughton began to click the switches on and off rapidly.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

turnverbUS /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading Jim retarded the spark on the left hand motor, and motioned Hinkley to turn off the gas line.

turnedadjectiveUS /tɜːrnd/

moved around an axis or center

From this reading Hinkley turned the gas on again, and then Broughton began to click the switches on and off rapidly.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The object of all this was to lean down the gas mixture in the carburetor.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Shortly, as the gas had practically run out the motor began to pop back with loud reports.

Chapter 2 of Direct methods by Thomson Burtis holds 535 sentences, grouped into 107 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Direct methods contain?

Chapter 2 holds 535 sentences of Direct methods, unabridged, divided into 107 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Direct methods by Thomson Burtis exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 535 sentences, grouped into 107 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Direct methods?

Work through the 107 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 107 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Direct methods

Common questions about reading Direct methods by Thomson Burtis on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Direct methods?

Yes. All 1067 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #71780 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Direct methods is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #71780, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Direct methods take to read?

About 88 minutes of reading across 214 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Direct methods section by section

How to work through Direct methods section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 2 chapters of Direct methods to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Direct methods

Words and structures a reader meets early in Direct methods, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Direct methods; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Haviland
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Direct methods; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Airplane
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Direct methods; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Spiraling
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Direct methods; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.