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Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry
Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry is here in full — 124 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/24 · 5 lines
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In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.
This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.
Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.
Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.
Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry is here in full — 124 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/24 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.
Line 2
This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.
Line 3
Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.
Line 4
Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.
Line 5
Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Aristophanes noun US /ˌærəˈstɔːfəniz/

an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC)

From this reading “Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.”

Atticus noun US /ˈætɪkəs/

atlas moth

From this reading “Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.”

comedies noun US /ˈkɑːmədiz/

plural of “comedy” — light and humorous drama with a happy ending

From this reading “In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.”

Commentaries noun US /ˈkɑːmənteriz/

plural of “commentary” — a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material

From this reading “Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.”

conversant adjective US /kənˈvɜːrsənt/

(usually followed by “with”) well informed about or knowing thoroughly

From this reading “Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.”

designing noun US /dɪˈzaɪnɪŋ/

the act of working out the form of something (as by making a sketch or outline or plan)

From this reading “Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.”

Punic adjective US /ˈpjuːnɪk/

of or relating to or characteristic of ancient Carthage or its people or their language

From this reading “Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.”

Tully noun US /ˈtʌli/

a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose (106-43 BC)

From this reading “Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.”

All words in this reading · 117

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

addedverbUS /ˈædəd/

past form of “add” — make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

altogetheradverbUS /ˌɔːltəˈɡeðər/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

Andronicus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

archæa

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

AristophanesnounUS /ˌærəˈstɔːfəniz/

an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC)

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

assuredadjectiveUS /əˈʃʊrd/

marked by assurance; exhibiting confidence

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.

AtheniannounUS /əˈθiːniən/

a resident of Athens

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

attemptedadjectiveUS /əˈtemptɪd/

tried unsuccessfully

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

AtticusnounUS /ˈætɪkəs/

atlas moth

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

authornounUS /ˈɔːθər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

buildingnounUS /ˈbɪldɪŋ/

a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.

CCCCCXIV

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

comediesnounUS /ˈkɑːmədiz/

plural of “comedy” — light and humorous drama with a happy ending

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

comedynounUS /ˈkɑːmədi/

light and humorous drama with a happy ending

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

CommentariesnounUS /ˈkɑːmənteriz/

plural of “commentary” — a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

committedadjectiveUS /kəˈmɪtɪd/

bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

commonwealthnounUS /ˈkɑːmənwelθ/

the official name of some states in the United States (Massachusetts and Pennsylvania and Virginia and Kentucky) and associated territories (Puerto Rico)

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

comædia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

conditionnounUS /kənˈdɪʃən/

a state at a particular time

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

conversantadjectiveUS /kənˈvɜːrsənt/

(usually followed by “with”) well informed about or knowing thoroughly

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

Dacier

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.

decencies

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

designingnounUS /dɪˈzaɪnɪŋ/

the act of working out the form of something (as by making a sketch or outline or plan)

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

dischargedadjectiveUS /dɪsˈtʃɑːrdʒd/

having lost your job

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

educationnounUS /ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən/

the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

entertainmentnounUS /ˌentərˈteɪnmənt/

an activity that is diverting and that holds the attention

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.

farces

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

freemannounUS /ˈfriːmən/

a person who is not a serf or a slave

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

gaveverbUS /ɡeɪv/

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

GrecianadjectiveUS /ˈɡriːʃən/

of or relating to or characteristic of Greece or the Greeks or the Greek language

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

insteadadverbUS /ˌɪnˈsted/

in place of, or as an alternative to

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

instructedverbUS /ˌɪnˈstrʌktəd/

past form of “instruct” — impart skills or knowledge to

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

libertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

Livius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

mannersnounUS /ˈmænərz/

social deportment

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

masternounUS /ˈmæstər/

an artist of consummate skill

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.

modelnounUS /ˈmɑːdəl/

a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

nativeadjectiveUS /ˈneɪtɪv/

characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

nobleradjectiveUS /ˈnoʊblər/

comparative of “noble” — impressive in appearance

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.

observedadjectiveUS /əbˈzɜːrvd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

patron's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

playverbUS /pleɪ/

participate in games or sport

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

playsnounUS /pleɪz/

plural of “play” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

poetsnounUS /ˈpoʊəts/

plural of “poet” — a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

PunicadjectiveUS /ˈpjuːnɪk/

of or relating to or characteristic of ancient Carthage or its people or their language

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

regularadjectiveUS /ˈreɡjələr/

in accordance with fixed order or procedure or principle

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

representedadjectiveUS /ˌreprɪˈzentɪd/

represented accurately or precisely

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

RomenounUS /roʊm/

capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

Salinator

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

satisfactionnounUS /ˌsætəˈsfækʃən/

the contentment one feels when one has fulfilled a desire, need, or expectation

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

saysnounUS /sez/

plural of “say” — the chance to speak

From this reading Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

slavenounUS /sleɪv/

a person who is owned by someone

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

stagenounUS /steɪdʒ/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

stage-poet

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dacier has not carried the matter altogether thus far; he only says that one Livius Andronicus was the first stage-poet at Rome.

supplyverbUS /səˈplaɪ/

give something useful or necessary to

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

theatrenounUS /ˈθiːətər/

a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

thusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading Andronicus, thus become a freeman of Rome, added to his own name that of Livius, his master; and, as I observed, was the first author of a regular play in that commonwealth.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

tragediesnounUS /ˈtrædʒədiz/

plural of “tragedy” — an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

trustnounUS /trʌst/

something (as property) held by one party (the trustee) for the benefit of another (the beneficiary)

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

TullynounUS /ˈtʌli/

a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose (106-43 BC)

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

WarnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading This man was a Grecian born, and being made a slave by Livius Salinator, and brought to Rome, had the education of his patron’s children committed to him, which trust he discharged so much to the satisfaction of his master that he gave him his liberty.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading In this condition Livius Andronicus found the stage when he attempted first, instead of farces, to supply it with a nobler entertainment of tragedies and comedies.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading Being already instructed in his native country in the manners and decencies of the Athenian theatre, and conversant in the _archæa comædia_ or old comedy of Aristophanes and the rest of the Grecian poets, he took from that model his own designing of plays for the Roman stage, the first of which was represented in the year CCCCCXIV. since the building of Rome, as Tully, from the Commentaries of Atticus, has assured us; it was after the end of the first Punic War, the year before Atticus was born.

Chapter 4 of Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry by John Dryden holds 124 sentences, grouped into 25 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry contain?

Chapter 4 holds 124 sentences of Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry, unabridged, divided into 25 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry by John Dryden exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 124 sentences, grouped into 25 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry?

Work through the 25 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 25 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry

Common questions about reading Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry by John Dryden on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 1769 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2615 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #2615, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 147 minutes of reading across 354 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry

Words and structures a reader meets early in Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Cassell
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
National
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Library
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Discourses
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Discourses on Satire and on Epic Poetry; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.