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Dross
Dross

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Dross is here in full — 131 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/26 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."
Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.
The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?
In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.
It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Dross

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Dross is here in full — 131 sentences across 27 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/26 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."
Line 2
Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.
Line 3
The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?
Line 4
In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.
Line 5
It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

cote noun US /koʊt/

a small shelter for domestic animals (as sheep or pigeons)

From this reading “C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."”

inconsistency noun US /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənsi/

the relation between propositions that cannot both be true at the same time

From this reading “In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.”

shockingly adverb US /ˈʃɑːkɪŋli/

extremely

From this reading “Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.”

sparse adjective US /spɑːrs/

not dense

From this reading “It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.”

tort noun US /tɔːrt/

(law) any wrongdoing for which an action for damages may be brought

From this reading “C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."”

tribulation noun US /ˌtrɪbjəˈleɪʃən/

an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event

From this reading “It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.”

twirled verb US /twɜːrld/

past form of “twirl” — turn in a twisting or spinning motion

From this reading “In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.”

Vie verb US /vaɪ/

compete for something; engage in a contest; measure oneself against others

From this reading “C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."”

All words in this reading · 122

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

admittedverbUS /ədˈmɪtɪd/

inflected form of “admit” — declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

aimverbUS /eɪm/

point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

Alphonse

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

Alphonse's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

ambitionnounUS /æmˈbɪʃən/

a cherished desire

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

astiradjective

out of bed

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

BaronnounUS /ˈbærən/

a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

birdsnounUS /bɜːrdz/

plural of “bird” — warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

C'est

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

celebratedadjectiveUS /ˈseləbreɪtɪd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

cherishverbUS /ˈtʃerɪʃ/

be fond of; be attached to

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

cotenounUS /koʊt/

a small shelter for domestic animals (as sheep or pigeons)

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

couchnounUS /kaʊtʃ/

an upholstered seat for more than one person

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

cultivatedadjectiveUS /ˈkʌltəveɪtɪd/

(of land or fields) prepared for raising crops by plowing or fertilizing

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

d'un

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

dailyadverbUS /ˈdeɪli/

every day; without missing a day

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

desirenounUS /dɪˈzaɪər/

the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

devil-may-careadjective

cheerfully irresponsible

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

downwardsadverbUS /ˈdaʊnwərdz/

spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

droopedverbUS /druːpt/

past form of “droop” — droop, sink, or settle from or as if from pressure or loss of tautness

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

dureraient

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

EnglishmannounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃmən/

a man who is a native or inhabitant of England

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

fashionnounUS /ˈfæʃən/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

foolishadjectiveUS /ˈfuːlɪʃ/

devoid of good sense or judgment

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

Giraud

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

guilelessadjectiveUS /ˈɡaɪlləs/

free of deceit

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

heavenwardsadverb

toward heaven

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

higheradjectiveUS /ˈhaɪər/

advanced in complexity or elaboration

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

hournounUS /ˈaʊər/

a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

inconsistencynounUS /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənsi/

the relation between propositions that cannot both be true at the same time

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

industriouslyadverb

in an industrious manner

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

invariablyadverbUS /ˌɪnˈveriəbli/

without variation or change, in every case

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

lanounUS /lɑː/

a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily; occurs in rare earth minerals and is usually classified as a rare earth

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

laboriouslyadverbUS /ləˈbɔːriəsli/

in a laborious manner

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

lenounUS /lə/

a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints)

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

LesnounUS /les/

plural of “le” — a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints)

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

lipnounUS /lɪp/

either of two fleshy folds of tissue that surround the mouth and play a role in speaking

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

longtemps

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

mindsnounUS /maɪndz/

plural of “mind” — that which is responsible for one's thoughts, feelings, and conscious brain functions; the seat of the faculty of reason

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

mistakenadjectiveUS /mɪˈsteɪkən/

wrong in e.g. opinion or judgment

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

modestlyadverbUS /ˈmɑːdəstli/

with modesty; in a modest manner

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

MonsieurnounUS /məˈsjɜːr/

used as a French courtesy title; equivalent to English “Mr”

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

mustachenounUS /ˈmʌstæʃ/

an unshaved growth of hair on the upper lip

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

n'etait

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

nationalitynounUS /ˌnæʃəˈnæləti/

people having common origins or traditions and often comprising a nation

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

nenounUS /niː/

a colorless odorless gaseous element that give a red glow in a vacuum tube; one of the six inert gasses; occurs in the air in small amounts

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

objectnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekt/

a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

ohnounUS /oʊ/

a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

ornamentverbUS /ˈɔːrnəmənt/

make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

pasnounUS /pɑːz/

(ballet) a step in dancing (especially in classical ballet)

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

praiseworthyadjectiveUS /ˈpreɪzwɜːrði/

worthy of high praise

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

querelles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

rarelyadverbUS /ˈrerli/

not often

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

reachedverbUS /riːtʃt/

past form of “reach” — reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

rosenounUS /roʊz/

any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

shockinglyadverbUS /ˈʃɑːkɪŋli/

extremely

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

sinounUS /siː/

a tetravalent nonmetallic element; next to oxygen it is the most abundant element in the earth's crust; occurs in clay and feldspar and granite and quartz and sand; used as a semiconductor in transistors

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

soughtadjectiveUS /sɔːt/

that is looked for

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

sparseadjectiveUS /spɑːrs/

not dense

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

storenounUS /stɔːr/

a mercantile establishment for the retail sale of goods or services

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

sweepverbUS /swiːp/

sweep across or over

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

tortnounUS /tɔːrt/

(law) any wrongdoing for which an action for damages may be brought

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

tribulationnounUS /ˌtrɪbjəˈleɪʃən/

an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

twirledverbUS /twɜːrld/

past form of “twirl” — turn in a twisting or spinning motion

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

unlikeadjectiveUS /ənˈlaɪk/

marked by dissimilarity

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

upperadjectiveUS /ˈʌpər/

the topmost one of two

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

upwardadjectiveUS /ˈʌpwərd/

directed up

From this reading It was, in fact, the guileless Alphonse's chief tribulation that, however industriously he cultivated that devil-may-care upward sweep, the sparse ornament to his upper lip invariably drooped downwards again before long.

VieverbUS /vaɪ/

compete for something; engage in a contest; measure oneself against others

From this reading C'est la Vie "Les querelles ne dureraient pas longtemps si le tort n'etait d'un cote."

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading Monsieur Alphonse Giraud, unlike many men, had an aim in life--a daily purpose with which he rose in the morning at, it must be admitted, a shockingly late hour--without which he rarely sought his couch even when it was not reached until the foolish birds were astir.

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading The son of the celebrated Baron Giraud sought, in a word, to be mistaken for an Englishman--and what higher ambition could we, who modestly set such store upon our nationality, desire him to cherish?

woreverbUS /wɔːr/

inflected form of “wear” — be dressed in

From this reading In view of this praiseworthy object, Alphonse Giraud wore a mustache only, and this--oh! inconsistency of great minds--he laboriously twirled heavenwards in the French fashion.

Chapter 4 of Dross by Henry Seton Merriman holds 131 sentences, grouped into 27 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Dross contain?

Chapter 4 holds 131 sentences of Dross, unabridged, divided into 27 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Dross by Henry Seton Merriman exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 131 sentences, grouped into 27 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Dross?

Work through the 27 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 27 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Dross

Common questions about reading Dross by Henry Seton Merriman on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Dross?

Yes. All 3930 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #20243 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Dross is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #20243, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Dross take to read?

About 327 minutes of reading across 786 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Dross section by section

How to work through Dross section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 28 chapters of Dross to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Dross

Words and structures a reader meets early in Dross, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Destinee
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Dross; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Manieres
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Dross; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Briser
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Dross; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Refusant
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Dross; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.