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Drum-Taps
Drum-Taps

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Drum-Taps is here in full — 460 sentences across 92 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Drum-Taps
Context Illustration Reading 1/92 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.
A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.
But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.
Spring comes swiftly, the almond trees flourish.
Easter will soon be here.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Drum-Taps

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Drum-Taps is here in full — 460 sentences across 92 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/92 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.
Line 2
A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.
/ə ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəl əˈstɑːnɪʃmənt ənd kənˈfjuːʒən fel æz əˈpɑːn ə flɑːk ʌv ʃiːp pərˈplekst baɪ streɪndʒ dɑːɡz/
Line 3
But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.
Line 4
Spring comes swiftly, the almond trees flourish.
/sprɪŋ kʌmz ˈswɪftli ðə ˈɑːmənd triːz ˈflɜːrɪʃ/
Line 5
Easter will soon be here.
/ˈiːstər wɪl suːn biː hiːr/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

almond noun US /ˈɑːmənd/

small bushy deciduous tree native to Asia and North Africa having pretty pink blossoms and highly prized edible nuts enclosed in a hard green hull; cultivated in southern Australia and California

From this reading “Spring comes swiftly, the almond trees flourish.”

August noun US /ˈɑːɡəst/

the month following July and preceding September

From this reading “When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.”

Easter noun US /ˈiːstər/

a Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox

From this reading “Easter will soon be here.”

flock noun US /flɑːk/

a church congregation guided by a pastor

From this reading “A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.”

flourish verb US /ˈflɜːrɪʃ/

grow vigorously

From this reading “Spring comes swiftly, the almond trees flourish.”

Lucy's noun US /ˈluːsiz/

possessive form of “lucy” — incomplete skeleton of female found in eastern Ethiopia in 1974

From this reading “But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.”

perplexed adjective US /pərˈplekst/

full of difficulty or confusion or bewilderment

From this reading “A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.”

universal adjective US /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəl/

of worldwide scope or applicability

From this reading “A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.”

All words in this reading · 57

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

absencenounUS /ˈæbsəns/

the state of being absent

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

almondnounUS /ˈɑːmənd/

small bushy deciduous tree native to Asia and North Africa having pretty pink blossoms and highly prized edible nuts enclosed in a hard green hull; cultivated in southern Australia and California

From this reading Spring comes swiftly, the almond trees flourish.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

astonishmentnounUS /əˈstɑːnɪʃmənt/

the feeling that accompanies something extremely surprising

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

AugustnounUS /ˈɑːɡəst/

the month following July and preceding September

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Easter will soon be here.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

ChristmasnounUS /ˈkrɪsməs/

period extending from Dec. 24 to Jan. 6

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

comesnounUS /kʌmz/

plural of “come” — the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract

From this reading Spring comes swiftly, the almond trees flourish.

confusionnounUS /kənˈfjuːʒən/

disorder resulting from a failure to behave predictably

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

darknessnounUS /ˈdɑːrknəs/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

DaynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

dogsnounUS /dɑːɡz/

plural of “dog” — a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

EasternounUS /ˈiːstər/

a Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox

From this reading Easter will soon be here.

fellverbUS /fel/

cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

flocknounUS /flɑːk/

a church congregation guided by a pastor

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

flourishverbUS /ˈflɜːrɪʃ/

grow vigorously

From this reading Spring comes swiftly, the almond trees flourish.

goneadjectiveUS /ɡɔːn/

destroyed or killed

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Easter will soon be here.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

loured

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

Lucy'snounUS /ˈluːsiz/

possessive form of “lucy” — incomplete skeleton of female found in eastern Ethiopia in 1974

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

perplexedadjectiveUS /pərˈplekst/

full of difficulty or confusion or bewilderment

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

sheepnounUS /ʃiːp/

woolly usually horned ruminant mammal related to the goat

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading Easter will soon be here.

SpringnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading Spring comes swiftly, the almond trees flourish.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

standverbUS /stænd/

be standing; be upright

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

strangeadjectiveUS /streɪndʒ/

being definitely out of the ordinary and unexpected; slightly odd or even a bit weird

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

swiftlyadverbUS /ˈswɪftli/

in a swift manner

From this reading Spring comes swiftly, the almond trees flourish.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading Spring comes swiftly, the almond trees flourish.

universaladjectiveUS /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəl/

of worldwide scope or applicability

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading A universal astonishment and confusion fell, as upon a flock of sheep perplexed by strange dogs.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Easter will soon be here.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading But now, though never before was a St. Lucy's Day so black with "absence, darkness, death," Christmas is gone.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading When the first days of August loured over the world, time seemed to stand still.

Chapter 1 of Drum-Taps by Walt Whitman holds 460 sentences, grouped into 92 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Drum-Taps contain?

Chapter 1 holds 460 sentences of Drum-Taps, unabridged, divided into 92 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Drum-Taps by Walt Whitman exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 460 sentences, grouped into 92 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Drum-Taps?

Work through the 92 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 92 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Drum-Taps

Common questions about reading Drum-Taps by Walt Whitman on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Drum-Taps?

Yes. All 460 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #8801 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Drum-Taps is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #8801, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Drum-Taps take to read?

About 38 minutes of reading across 92 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Drum-Taps section by section

How to work through Drum-Taps section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 1 chapters of Drum-Taps to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Drum-Taps

Words and structures a reader meets early in Drum-Taps, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

First
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Drum-Taps; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
August
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Drum-Taps; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Loured
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Drum-Taps; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
World
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Drum-Taps; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.