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Eighth Reader
Eighth Reader

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Eighth Reader is here in full — 442 sentences across 89 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/88 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.
From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.
As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."
A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.
What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Eighth Reader

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Eighth Reader is here in full — 442 sentences across 89 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/88 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.
Line 2
From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.
/frʌm ðɪs pɔɪnt aɪ sɔː bɪˈloʊ miː ðə dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk ˈaʊtlaɪn ʌv ðə ˌkɑːləˈsiːəm laɪk ə klaʊd ˈrestɪŋ əˈpɑːn ðə ɜːrθ/
Line 3
As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."
Line 4
A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.
Line 5
What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

coliseum noun US /ˌkɑːləˈsiːəm/

an oval large stadium with tiers of seats; an arena in which contests and spectacles are held

From this reading “THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.”

encompassed verb US /enˈkʌmpəst/

past form of “encompass” — include in scope; include as part of something broader; have as one's sphere or territory

From this reading “As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."”

Forum noun US /ˈfɔːrəm/

a public meeting or assembly for open discussion

From this reading “THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.”

Palatine noun US /ˈpælətaɪn/

any of various important officials in ancient Rome

From this reading “THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.”

populace noun US /ˈpɑːpjələs/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading “What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!”

Sacra noun US /ˈsækrə/

plural of “sacrum” — wedge-shaped bone consisting of five fused vertebrae forming the posterior part of the pelvis; its base connects with the lowest lumbar vertebra and its tip with the coccyx

From this reading “THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.”

Titus noun US /ˈtaɪtəs/

a Greek disciple and helper of Saint Paul

From this reading “THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.”

Via preposition US /ˈvaɪə/

by way of; passing through

From this reading “THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

breathless silence adjective + noun

In this reading “A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.”

beneath the Arch preposition + article + noun counted as “beneath … arch”

In this reading “THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.”

midnight hour noun + noun

In this reading “What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!”

encompassed by verb + particle counted as “encompass by”

In this reading “As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."”

AT MIDNIGHT preposition + noun

In this reading “THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.”

grew more verb + adjective counted as “grow more”

In this reading “As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."”

Seven Hills noun + noun counted as “seven hill”

In this reading “As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."”

resting upon verb + particle counted as “rest upon”

In this reading “From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.”

All words in this reading · 106

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

34

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

ArchnounUS /ɑːrtʃ/

a curved shape in the vertical plane that spans an opening

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

archedadjectiveUS /ɑːrtʃt/

constructed with or in the form of an arch or arches

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

ascendingadjectiveUS /əˈsendɪŋ/

moving or going or growing upward

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

ATprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

breathlessadjectiveUS /ˈbreθləs/

not breathing or able to breathe except with difficulty

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

broadadjectiveUS /brɔːd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

brokeadjectiveUS /broʊk/

lacking funds

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

cloudverbUS /klaʊd/

make overcast or cloudy

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

COLISEUMnounUS /ˌkɑːləˈsiːəm/

an oval large stadium with tiers of seats; an arena in which contests and spectacles are held

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

contrastnounUS /ˈkɑːntræst/

the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

crossedadjectiveUS /krɔːst/

placed crosswise

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

definiteadjectiveUS /ˈdefənət/

precise; explicit and clearly defined

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

descendedverbUS /dɪˈsendəd/

past form of “descend” — move downward and lower, but not necessarily all the way

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

dimensionsnounUS /dɪˈmenʃənz/

plural of “dimension” — the magnitude of something in a particular direction (especially length or width or height)

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

Domitian's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

eageradjectiveUS /ˈiːɡər/

having or showing keen interest or intense desire or impatient expectancy

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

encompassedverbUS /enˈkʌmpəst/

past form of “encompass” — include in scope; include as part of something broader; have as one's sphere or territory

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

footnounUS /fʊt/

the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

footstepsnounUS /ˈfʊtsteps/

plural of “footstep” — the sound of a step of someone walking

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

ForumnounUS /ˈfɔːrəm/

a public meeting or assembly for open discussion

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

fro

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

FromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

gatesnounUS /ɡeɪts/

United States computer entrepreneur whose software company made him the youngest multi-billionaire in the history of the United States (born in 1955)

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

gatewaynounUS /ˈɡeɪtweɪ/

an entrance that can be closed by a gate

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

gatherverbUS /ˈɡæðər/

assemble or get together

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

giganticadjectiveUS /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/

so exceedingly large or extensive as to suggest a giant or mammoth

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

grandadjectiveUS /ɡrænd/

of behavior that is impressive and ambitious in scale or scope

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

grandeurnounUS /ɡrænˈduːr/

the quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

grewverbUS /ɡruː/

inflected form of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

heavennounUS /ˈhevən/

any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

HillsnounUS /hɪlz/

plural of “hill” — a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

hillsidenounUS /ˈhɪlsaɪd/

the side or slope of a hill

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

hournounUS /ˈaʊər/

a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

impatientadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpeɪʃənt/

restless or short-tempered under delay or opposition

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

interioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtɪriər/

situated within or suitable for inside a building

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

leadsnounUS /liːdz/

plural of “lead” — an advantage held by a competitor in a race

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

majesticadjectiveUS /məˈdʒestɪk/

majestic in manner or bearing; superior to mundane matters

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

measuredadjectiveUS /ˈmeʒərd/

having notes of fixed rhythmic value

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

MIDNIGHTnounUS /ˈmɪdnaɪt/

12 o'clock at night; the middle of the night

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

outlinenounUS /ˈaʊtlaɪn/

the line that appears to bound an object

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

pacingnounUS /ˈpeɪsɪŋ/

(music) the speed at which a composition is to be played

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

PalatinenounUS /ˈpælətaɪn/

any of various important officials in ancient Rome

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

populacenounUS /ˈpɑːpjələs/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

presentedverbUS /priˈzentɪd/

past form of “present” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

restingverbUS /ˈrestɪŋ/

-ing form of “rest” — not move; be in a resting position

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

RomenounUS /roʊm/

capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

ruinnounUS /ˈruːən/

an irrecoverable state of devastation and destruction

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

SacranounUS /ˈsækrə/

plural of “sacrum” — wedge-shaped bone consisting of five fused vertebrae forming the posterior part of the pelvis; its base connects with the lowest lumbar vertebra and its tip with the coccyx

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

scenenounUS /siːn/

the place where some action occurs

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

sentinelnounUS /ˈsentənəl/

a person employed to keep watch for some anticipated event

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

SevennounUS /ˈsevən/

the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

silencenounUS /ˈsaɪ.ləns/

Complete absence of sound; a state of quietness and stillness.

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

singleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪŋɡəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

solitaryadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːləteri/

characterized by or preferring solitude

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

soundnounUS /saʊnd/

the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

sportsnounUS /spɔːrts/

plural of “sport” — an active diversion requiring physical exertion and competition

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

standsnounUS /stændz/

plural of “stand” — a support or foundation

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

swelledadjectiveUS /sweld/

feeling self-importance

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

TitusnounUS /ˈtaɪtəs/

a Greek disciple and helper of Saint Paul

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading From this point I saw below me the gigantic outline of the Coliseum, like a cloud resting upon the earth.

valenounUS /veɪl/

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

vastadjectiveUS /væst/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

ViaprepositionUS /ˈvaɪə/

by way of; passing through

From this reading THE COLISEUM AT MIDNIGHT[34] I crossed the Forum to the foot of the Palatine, and, ascending the Via Sacra, passed beneath the Arch of Titus.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading A single sentinel was pacing to and fro beneath the arched gateway which leads to the interior, and his measured footsteps were the only sound that broke the breathless silence of night.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading What a contrast with the scene which that same midnight hour presented, when in Domitian's time the eager populace began to gather at the gates, impatient for the morning sports!

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading As I descended the hillside, it grew more broad and high,--more definite in its form, and yet more grand in its dimensions,--till, from the vale in which it stands encompassed by three of the Seven Hills of Rome, the majestic ruin in all its solitary grandeur "swelled vast to heaven."

Chapter 3 of Eighth Reader by James [Editor] Baldwin holds 442 sentences, grouped into 89 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Eighth Reader contain?

Chapter 3 holds 442 sentences of Eighth Reader, unabridged, divided into 89 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Eighth Reader by James [Editor] Baldwin exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 442 sentences, grouped into 89 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Eighth Reader?

Work through the 89 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 89 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Eighth Reader

Common questions about reading Eighth Reader by James [Editor] Baldwin on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Eighth Reader?

Yes. All 2111 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #30559 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Eighth Reader is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #30559, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Eighth Reader take to read?

About 175 minutes of reading across 423 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Eighth Reader section by section

How to work through Eighth Reader section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 5 chapters of Eighth Reader to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Eighth Reader

Words and structures a reader meets early in Eighth Reader, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Footnote
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Eighth Reader; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Leigh
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Eighth Reader; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
English
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Eighth Reader; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Essayist
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Eighth Reader; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.