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Elizabeth
Elizabeth

Chapter X · Chapter 10

Chapter 10 of Elizabeth is here in full — 18 sentences across 4 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Elizabeth
Context Illustration Reading 1/3 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
HARDSHIPS OF THE NEW COLONY.
It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.
All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.
First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.
Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Elizabeth

Chapter X · Chapter 10

Chapter 10 of Elizabeth is here in full — 18 sentences across 4 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/3 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
HARDSHIPS OF THE NEW COLONY.
/ˈhɑːrdʃɪps ʌv ðə nuː ˈkɑːləni/
Line 2
It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.
Line 3
All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.
Line 4
First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.
/fɜːrst ðə triːz mʌst biː feld kʌt ʌp roʊld ˈɪntuː hiːps ənd bɜːrnd tuː ˈæʃ.ɪz/
Line 5
Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.
/ðen ðə hjuːdʒ stʌmps mʌst teɪk ə fjuː jɪrz tuː dɪˈkeɪ ənd ðen biː tɔːrn aʊt paɪld ʌp ɪn hiːps ənd ˈɔːlsoʊ bɜːrnd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

acre noun US /ˈeɪkər/

a unit of area (4840 square yards) used in English-speaking countries

From this reading “All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.”

farms noun US /fɑːrmz/

plural of “farm” — workplace consisting of farm buildings and cultivated land as a unit

From this reading “It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.”

felled verb US /feld/

past form of “fell” — cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading “First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.”

hardships noun US /ˈhɑːrdʃɪps/

plural of “hardship” — a state of misfortune or affliction

From this reading “HARDSHIPS OF THE NEW COLONY.”

Massachusetts noun US /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsəts/

a state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading “It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.”

reduce verb US /rəˈduːs/

cut down on; make a reduction in

From this reading “It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.”

stumps noun US /stʌmps/

plural of “stump” — the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled

From this reading “Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.”

tons noun US /tʌnz/

a large number or amount

From this reading “All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.”

All words in this reading · 81

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

acrenounUS /ˈeɪkər/

a unit of area (4840 square yards) used in English-speaking countries

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

ashesnounUS /ˈæʃ.ɪz/

The powdery residue left after the burning of a substance.

From this reading First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

burnedadjectiveUS /bɜːrnd/

treated by heating to a high temperature but below the melting or fusing point

From this reading First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

clearedadjectiveUS /klɪrd/

rid of objects or obstructions such as e.g. trees and brush

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

COLONYnounUS /ˈkɑːləni/

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading HARDSHIPS OF THE NEW COLONY.

cutverbUS /kʌt/

separate with or as if with an instrument

From this reading First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.

decaynounUS /dɪˈkeɪ/

the process of gradually becoming inferior

From this reading Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.

encumbrances

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

especiallyadverbUS /əˈspeʃli/

to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

farmsnounUS /fɑːrmz/

plural of “farm” — workplace consisting of farm buildings and cultivated land as a unit

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

felledverbUS /feld/

past form of “fell” — cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

FirstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

HARDSHIPSnounUS /ˈhɑːrdʃɪps/

plural of “hardship” — a state of misfortune or affliction

From this reading HARDSHIPS OF THE NEW COLONY.

heapsnounUS /hiːps/

a large number or amount

From this reading First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.

heavilyadverbUS /ˈhevəli/

to a considerable degree

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

hugeadjectiveUS /hjuːdʒ/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

kindsnounUS /kaɪndz/

plural of “kind” — a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

landsnounUS /lændz/

plural of “land” — the land on which real estate is located

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

marketnounUS /ˈmɑːrkət/

the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

MassachusettsnounUS /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsəts/

a state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.

NEWadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading HARDSHIPS OF THE NEW COLONY.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading HARDSHIPS OF THE NEW COLONY.

Oswego

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.

perprepositionUS /pɜːr/

for each

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

piledverbUS /paɪld/

past form of “pile” — arrange in stacks

From this reading Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.

reduceverbUS /rəˈduːs/

cut down on; make a reduction in

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

rolledadjectiveUS /roʊld/

especially of petals or leaves in bud; having margins rolled inward

From this reading First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.

settledadjectiveUS /ˈsetəld/

established or decided beyond dispute or doubt

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

stumpsnounUS /stʌmps/

plural of “stump” — the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled

From this reading Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.

subduedadjectiveUS /səbˈduːd/

in a softened tone

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading HARDSHIPS OF THE NEW COLONY.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

ThenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

timbernounUS /ˈtɪmbər/

the wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

timberedadjective

furnished with or made of wood or timbers

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

tonsnounUS /tʌnz/

a large number or amount

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

tornadjectiveUS /tɔːrn/

having edges that are jagged from injury

From this reading Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.

twiceadverbUS /twaɪs/

two times

From this reading All the land had to be cleared twice, and much of it three times, of some tons per acre of encumbrances.

undertakingnounUS /ˈʌndərteɪkɪŋ/

any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading First, the trees must be felled, cut up, rolled into heaps, and burned to ashes.

valuenounUS /ˈvæljuː/

a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

wildernessnounUS /ˈwɪldərnəs/

(politics) a state of disfavor

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It is no small undertaking to reduce heavily timbered lands to farms, especially where there are few, if any, kinds of timber of any market value, as was the case in the Oswego wilderness subdued by this Massachusetts colony and others who settled in with and around about them.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Then the huge stumps must take a few years to decay, and then be torn out, piled up in heaps, and also burned.

Chapter 10 of Elizabeth by Ebenezer Arnold holds 18 sentences, grouped into 4 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 10 of Elizabeth contain?

Chapter 10 holds 18 sentences of Elizabeth, unabridged, divided into 4 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 10 of Elizabeth by Ebenezer Arnold exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 18 sentences, grouped into 4 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 10 of Elizabeth?

Work through the 4 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 4 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 10 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 10 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Elizabeth

Common questions about reading Elizabeth by Ebenezer Arnold on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Elizabeth?

Yes. All 646 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #8802 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Elizabeth is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #8802, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Elizabeth take to read?

About 53 minutes of reading across 130 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Elizabeth section by section

How to work through Elizabeth section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 18 chapters of Elizabeth to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Elizabeth

Words and structures a reader meets early in Elizabeth, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Strange
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Elizabeth; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Letter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Elizabeth; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Latter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Elizabeth; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Eighteenth
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Elizabeth; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.