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Elizabethan Sea-Dogs
Elizabethan Sea-Dogs

Chapter VI · Chapter 6

Chapter 6 of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs is here in full — 181 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/36 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_
In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.
His father, Edmund Drake, was a skipper in modest circumstances.
But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.
Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Elizabethan Sea-Dogs

Chapter VI · Chapter 6

Chapter 6 of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs is here in full — 181 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/36 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_
Line 2
In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.
Line 3
His father, Edmund Drake, was a skipper in modest circumstances.
Line 4
But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.
Line 5
Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

admirals noun US /ˈædmərəlz/

plural of “admiral” — the supreme commander of a fleet; ranks above a vice admiral and below a fleet admiral

From this reading “In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.”

Anthem noun US /ˈænθəm/

a song of devotion or loyalty (as to a nation or school)

From this reading “We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_”

Devon noun US /ˈdevən/

a county in southwestern England

From this reading “In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.”

Drakes noun US /dreɪks/

plural of “drake” — English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

From this reading “But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.”

immemorial adjective US /ˌɪməˈmɔːriəl/

long past; beyond the limits of memory or tradition or recorded history

From this reading “But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.”

parole noun US /pərˈoʊl/

a promise

From this reading “We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_”

progenitor noun US /proʊˈdʒenɪtər/

an ancestor in the direct line

From this reading “Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.”

reforming verb US /rɪˈfɔːrmɪŋ/

-ing form of “reform” — make changes for improvement in order to remove abuse and injustices

From this reading “Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.”

All words in this reading · 102

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1545

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

admiralsnounUS /ˈædmərəlz/

plural of “admiral” — the supreme commander of a fleet; ranks above a vice admiral and below a fleet admiral

From this reading In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

answeringadjectiveUS /ˈænsərɪŋ/

replying

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

AnthemnounUS /ˈænθəm/

a song of devotion or loyalty (as to a nation or school)

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

assembledverbUS /əˈsembəld/

past form of “assemble” — create by putting components or members together

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

awokeverbUS /əˈwoʊk/

inflected form of “awake” — stop sleeping

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

Bedford

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

circumstancesnounUS /ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz/

your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)

From this reading His father, Edmund Drake, was a skipper in modest circumstances.

countersignnoun

a secret word or phrase known only to a restricted group

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

countrysidenounUS /ˈkʌntrisaɪd/

rural regions

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

Crowndale

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

DevonnounUS /ˈdevən/

a county in southwestern England

From this reading In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.

discoverynounUS /dɪˈskʌvəri/

the act of discovering something

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

DrakenounUS /dreɪk/

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

From this reading In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.

DrakesnounUS /dreɪks/

plural of “drake” — English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

DukesnounUS /duːks/

plural of “duke” — a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

Edmund

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His father, Edmund Drake, was a skipper in modest circumstances.

epoch-makingadjective

highly significant or important especially bringing about or marking the beginning of a new development or era

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading His father, Edmund Drake, was a skipper in modest circumstances.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

fleetnounUS /fliːt/

group of aircraft operating together under the same ownership

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

Francis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

godfathernounUS /ˈɡɑːdfɑːðər/

any man who serves as a sponsor for a child at baptism

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

greatestadjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtəst/

highest in quality

From this reading In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

heirnounUS /er/

A person legally or magically entitled to the property or rank of another on that person's death.

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

HenrynounUS /ˈhenri/

a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

Henry'snounUS /ˈhenriz/

possessive form of “henry” — a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

illimitableadjective

without limits in extent or size or quantity

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

immemorialadjectiveUS /ˌɪməˈmɔːriəl/

long past; beyond the limits of memory or tradition or recorded history

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

LongadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

LordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

minesnounUS /maɪnz/

plural of “mine” — excavation in the earth from which ores and minerals are extracted

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

modernadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdərn/

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.

modestadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdəst/

marked by simplicity; having a humble opinion of yourself

From this reading His father, Edmund Drake, was a skipper in modest circumstances.

momentnounUS /ˈmoʊmənt/

a particular point in time

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

NationaladjectiveUS /ˈnæʃənəl/

of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

OldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

parolenounUS /pərˈoʊl/

a promise

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

peernounUS /pɪr/

a person who is of equal standing with another in a group

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

Potosi

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

progenitornounUS /proʊˈdʒenɪtər/

an ancestor in the direct line

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

reformingverbUS /rɪˈfɔːrmɪŋ/

-ing form of “reform” — make changes for improvement in order to remove abuse and injustices

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

reignverbUS /reɪn/

have sovereign power

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

richesnounUS /ˈrɪtʃəz/

an abundance of material possessions and resources

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

right-handadjectiveUS /raɪtˈhænd/

located on or directed toward the right

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

roundnounUS /raʊnd/

a charge of ammunition for a single shot

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

RussellnounUS /ˈrʌsəl/

United States religious leader who founded the sect that is now called Jehovah's Witnesses (1852-1916)

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.

saveprepositionUS /seɪv/

except for; apart from

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

sea-dogs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.

skippernounUS /ˈskɪpər/

a student who fails to attend classes

From this reading His father, Edmund Drake, was a skipper in modest circumstances.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading Francis was called after his godfather, Francis Russell, son and heir of Henry's right-hand reforming peer, Lord Russell, progenitor of the Dukes of Bedford down to the present day.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

Tavistock

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the same year, at Crowndale by Tavistock in Devon, was born Francis Drake, greatest of sea-dogs and first of modern admirals.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

throughoutprepositionUS /θruːˈaʊt/

in every part of a place, or for the whole of a period

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading But from time immemorial there had been Drakes all round the countryside of Tavistock and the family name stood high.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

turnverbUS /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

waitingnounUS /ˈweɪtɪŋ/

the act of waiting (remaining inactive in one place while expecting something)

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

WorldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading We must now turn back for a moment to 1545, the year in which the Old World, after the discovery of the mines of Potosi, first awoke to the illimitable riches of the New; the year in which King Henry assembled his epoch-making fleet; the year, too, in which the British National Anthem was, so to say, born at sea, when the parole throughout the waiting fleet was _God save the King!_ and the answering countersign was _Long to reign over us!_

Chapter 6 of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs by William Wood holds 181 sentences, grouped into 37 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 6 of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs contain?

Chapter 6 holds 181 sentences of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs, unabridged, divided into 37 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 6 of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs by William Wood exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 181 sentences, grouped into 37 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 6 of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs?

Work through the 37 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 37 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 6 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Is this the complete text of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs?

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Vocabulary met early in Elizabethan Sea-Dogs

Words and structures a reader meets early in Elizabethan Sea-Dogs, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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