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Elizabethan Sea-Dogs
Elizabethan Sea-Dogs

Chapter XI · Chapter 11

Chapter 11 of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs is here in full — 178 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/35 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.
No Elizabethan colonies took root.
Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.
Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.
Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Elizabethan Sea-Dogs

Chapter XI · Chapter 11

Chapter 11 of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs is here in full — 178 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/35 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.
Line 2
No Elizabethan colonies took root.
/noʊ ˌelɪzəˈbiːθən ˈkɑːləniz tʊk ruːt/
Line 3
Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.
Line 4
Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.
Line 5
Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

colonists noun US /ˈkɑːlənɪsts/

plural of “colonist” — a person who settles in a new colony or moves into new country

From this reading “Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.”

conquerors noun US /ˈkɑːŋkərərz/

plural of “conqueror” — someone who is victorious by force of arms

From this reading “Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.”

Elizabethan noun US /ˌelɪzəˈbiːθən/

a person who lived during the reign of Elizabeth I

From this reading “No Elizabethan colonies took root.”

pioneering verb US /ˌpaɪəˈnɪrɪŋ/

-ing form of “pioneer” — open up an area or prepare a way

From this reading “Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.”

pioneers noun US /ˌpaɪəˈnɪrz/

plural of “pioneer” — someone who helps to open up a new line of research or technology or art

From this reading “Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.”

Portugal noun US /ˈpɔːrtʃəɡəl/

a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)

From this reading “Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.”

prospectors noun US /ˈprɔːspektərz/

plural of “prospector” — someone who explores an area for mineral deposits

From this reading “Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.”

settlements noun US /ˈsetəlmənts/

plural of “settlement” — a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading “Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1607

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

1608

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

1620

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

coloniesnounUS /ˈkɑːləniz/

plural of “colony” — a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading No Elizabethan colonies took root.

colonistsnounUS /ˈkɑːlənɪsts/

plural of “colonist” — a person who settles in a new colony or moves into new country

From this reading Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.

ConquerorsnounUS /ˈkɑːŋkərərz/

plural of “conqueror” — someone who is victorious by force of arms

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

continuousadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːəs/

continuing in time or space without interruption

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

deadadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

DrakenounUS /dreɪk/

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

ElizabethnounUS /ɪˈlɪzəbəθ/

daughter of George VI who became the Queen of England and Northern Ireland in 1952 on the death of her father (1926-)

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

ElizabethannounUS /ˌelɪzəˈbiːθən/

a person who lived during the reign of Elizabeth I

From this reading No Elizabethan colonies took root.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

English-speakingadjective

able to communicate in English

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

foundedverbUS /ˈfaʊndɪd/

past form of “found” — set up or found

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

NodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading No Elizabethan colonies took root.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

openedadjectiveUS /ˈoʊpənd/

used of mouth or eyes

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

permanentadjectiveUS /ˈpɜːrmənənt/

continuing or enduring without marked change in status or condition or place

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

pioneeringverbUS /ˌpaɪəˈnɪrɪŋ/

-ing form of “pioneer” — open up an area or prepare a way

From this reading Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.

pioneersnounUS /ˌpaɪəˈnɪrz/

plural of “pioneer” — someone who helps to open up a new line of research or technology or art

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

PortugalnounUS /ˈpɔːrtʃəɡəl/

a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

prospectorsnounUS /ˈprɔːspektərz/

plural of “prospector” — someone who explores an area for mineral deposits

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

QueennounUS /kwiːn/

the only fertile female in a colony of social insects such as bees and ants and termites; its function is to lay eggs

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

rootnounUS /ruːt/

(botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes; absorbs water and mineral salts; usually it anchors the plant to the ground

From this reading No Elizabethan colonies took root.

sea-dogs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

settlementsnounUS /ˈsetəlmənts/

plural of “settlement” — a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

sixteenth-century

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

SpainnounUS /speɪn/

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

ThereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading Therefore the age of Elizabethan sea-dogs was one of conquerors and prospectors, not one of pioneering colonists at all.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Spain and Portugal alone founded sixteenth-century colonies that have had a continuous life from those days to our own.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading No Elizabethan colonies took root.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

VirginianounUS /vərˈdʒɪnjə/

a state in the eastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies; one of the Confederate States in the American Civil War

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Virginia and New England, like New France, only began as permanent settlements after Drake and Queen Elizabeth were dead: Virginia in 1607, New France in 1608, New England in 1620.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Conquerors first, prospectors second, then the pioneers: that is the order of those by whom America was opened up for English-speaking people.

Chapter 11 of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs by William Wood holds 178 sentences, grouped into 36 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs contain?

Chapter 11 holds 178 sentences of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs, unabridged, divided into 36 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs by William Wood exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 178 sentences, grouped into 36 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 11 of Elizabethan Sea-Dogs?

Work through the 36 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 36 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Vocabulary met early in Elizabethan Sea-Dogs

Words and structures a reader meets early in Elizabethan Sea-Dogs, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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