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Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia
Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia is here in full — 404 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 2/80 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.
Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.
But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.
This law cut the poem, to a relative shortness and defined its dignity and clearness.
Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia is here in full — 404 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 2/80 · 5 reading units · Lines 6–10

Line 1
But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.
Line 2
Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.
Line 3
But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.
Line 4
This law cut the poem, to a relative shortness and defined its dignity and clearness.
/ðɪs lɔː kʌt ðə ˈpoʊəm tuː ə ˈrelətɪv ˈʃɔːrtnəs ənd dɪˈfaɪnd ɪts ˈdɪɡnəti ənd ˈklɪrnəs/
Line 5
Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.
/bɪˈɑːnd ðɪs ˈɔːlmoʊst ˈevəri ˌkɑːmbəˈneɪʃən ʌv raɪmz maɪt biː faʊnd ˈvɜːrsəz wɜːr əˈkeɪʒənəli ˈleŋθənd ɔːr ˈʃɔːrtənd ənd ðə ˈnʌmbər ʌv laɪnz ɪn ðə ˈpoʊəm ðoʊ ˈdʒenərəli ˈfɔːrˈtiːn ʃoʊd kənˈsɪdərəbəl ˌveriˈeɪʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

differing verb US /ˈdɪfərɪŋ/

-ing form of “differ” — be different

From this reading “Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.”

insidious adjective US /ˌɪnˈsɪdiːəs/

beguiling but harmful

From this reading “Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.”

interlaced adjective US /ˌɪntərˈleɪst/

having a pattern of fretwork or latticework

From this reading “Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.”

moulding noun US /ˈmoʊldɪŋ/

a decorative strip used for ornamentation or finishing

From this reading “But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.”

shortened adjective US /ˈʃɔːrtənd/

cut short

From this reading “Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.”

shortness noun US /ˈʃɔːrtnəs/

the property of being of short spatial extent

From this reading “This law cut the poem, to a relative shortness and defined its dignity and clearness.”

tentative adjective US /ˈtentətɪv/

under terms not final or fully worked out or agreed upon

From this reading “But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.”

uniformly adverb US /ˈjuːnəfɔːrmli/

in a uniform manner

From this reading “But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.”

All words in this reading · 111

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

acclimatised

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

alteredadjectiveUS /ˈɔːltərd/

changed in form or character without becoming something else

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

alternateadjectiveUS /ˈɔːltərnət/

every second one of a series

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

BeyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

changedadjectiveUS /tʃeɪndʒd/

made or become different in nature or form

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

clearnessnounUS /ˈklɪrnəs/

free from obscurity and easy to understand; the comprehensibility of clear expression

From this reading This law cut the poem, to a relative shortness and defined its dignity and clearness.

closeadjectiveUS /kloʊs/

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

combinationnounUS /ˌkɑːmbəˈneɪʃən/

a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

considerableadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərəbəl/

large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

coupletnoun

two items of the same kind

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

cutverbUS /kʌt/

separate with or as if with an instrument

From this reading This law cut the poem, to a relative shortness and defined its dignity and clearness.

dealverbUS /diːl/

act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

definedadjectiveUS /dɪˈfaɪnd/

clearly characterized or delimited

From this reading This law cut the poem, to a relative shortness and defined its dignity and clearness.

differingverbUS /ˈdɪfərɪŋ/

-ing form of “differ” — be different

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

dignitynounUS /ˈdɪɡnəti/

the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect

From this reading This law cut the poem, to a relative shortness and defined its dignity and clearness.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

emotionnounUS /ɪˈmoʊʃən/

any strong feeling

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

enclosedadjectiveUS /enˈkloʊzd/

closed in or surrounded or included within

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

establishingverbUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃɪŋ/

-ing form of “establish” — set up or found

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

experimentnounUS /ɪkˈsperəmənt/

the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

expressionnounUS /ɪkˈspreʃən/

the feelings expressed on a person's face

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

fashionnounUS /ˈfæʃən/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

followedverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊd/

past form of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

foreignernounUS /ˈfɔːrənər/

a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

fortyadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrti/

being ten more than thirty

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

fourteennounUS /ˈfɔːrˈtiːn/

the cardinal number that is the sum of thirteen and one

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

insidiousadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈsɪdiːəs/

beguiling but harmful

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

interlacedadjectiveUS /ˌɪntərˈleɪst/

having a pattern of fretwork or latticework

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading This law cut the poem, to a relative shortness and defined its dignity and clearness.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading This law cut the poem, to a relative shortness and defined its dignity and clearness.

lengthenedadjectiveUS /ˈleŋθənd/

drawn out or made longer spatially

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

linesnounUS /laɪnz/

plural of “line” — a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

mouldingnounUS /ˈmoʊldɪŋ/

a decorative strip used for ornamentation or finishing

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

obeyedverbUS /oʊˈbeɪd/

past form of “obey” — be obedient to

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

occasionallyadverbUS /əˈkeɪʒənəli/

sporadically and infrequently

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

octavenounUS /ˈɑːktɪv/

a feast day and the seven days following it

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

poemnounUS /ˈpoʊəm/

a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

quatrains

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

relativenounUS /ˈrelətɪv/

a person related by blood or marriage

From this reading This law cut the poem, to a relative shortness and defined its dignity and clearness.

rhymesnounUS /raɪmz/

plural of “rhyme” — correspondence in the sounds of two or more lines (especially final sounds)

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

robenounUS /roʊb/

any loose flowing garment

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

rulenounUS /ruːl/

a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

seriesnounUS /ˈsɪriz/

similar things placed in order or happening one after another

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

sestette

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

setsnounUS /sets/

plural of “set” — a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

shortenedadjectiveUS /ˈʃɔːrtənd/

cut short

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

shortnessnounUS /ˈʃɔːrtnəs/

the property of being of short spatial extent

From this reading This law cut the poem, to a relative shortness and defined its dignity and clearness.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

showedverbUS /ʃoʊd/

past form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

simpleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪmpəl/

having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

singleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪŋɡəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

sonnetnounUS /ˈsɑːnɪt/

a verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

succeededverbUS /səkˈsiːdɪd/

past form of “succeed” — attain success or reach a desired goal

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

suitverbUS /suːt/

be agreeable or acceptable to

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

tentativeadjectiveUS /ˈtentətɪv/

under terms not final or fully worked out or agreed upon

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

tercets

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This law cut the poem, to a relative shortness and defined its dignity and clearness.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

ThusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

uniformlyadverbUS /ˈjuːnəfɔːrmli/

in a uniform manner

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

variationnounUS /ˌveriˈeɪʃən/

an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

varietynounUS /vərˈaɪəti/

a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

versesnounUS /ˈvɜːrsəz/

plural of “verse” — literature in metrical form

From this reading Beyond this almost every combination of rhymes might be found, verses were occasionally lengthened or shortened, and the number of lines in the poem, though generally fourteen, showed considerable variation.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

wideadjectiveUS /waɪd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Thus the sonnet, which had been an octave of enclosed or alternate rhymes, followed by a sestette of interlaced tercets, was now changed to a series of three quatrains with differing sets of alternate rhymes in each, at the close of which the insidious couplet succeeded in establishing itself.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading But these changes were not made without a great deal of experiment; and during the tentative period the name "sonnet" was given, to a wide variety of forms, in the moulding of which but one rule seemed to be uniformly obeyed--that the poem should be the expression of a single, simple emotion.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading But when, forty years later, the foreigner was to be acclimatised in England, her robe had to be altered to suit an English fashion.

Chapter 1 of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia by Martha Foote [Editor] Crow holds 404 sentences, grouped into 81 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia contain?

Chapter 1 holds 404 sentences of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia, unabridged, divided into 81 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia by Martha Foote [Editor] Crow exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 404 sentences, grouped into 81 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia?

Work through the 81 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 81 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia by Martha Foote [Editor] Crow on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia?

Yes. All 803 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18841 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18841, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia take to read?

About 66 minutes of reading across 161 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia

Words and structures a reader meets early in Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Kegan
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Trench
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Truebner
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Paternoster
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles: Phillis - Licia; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.