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Elizabeth's Campaign
Elizabeth's Campaign

Chapter III

Cover illustration for Elizabeth's Campaign
Context Illustration Reading 1/80 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'
The speaker was Desmond Mannering.
He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.
Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.
Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.
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Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Elizabeth's Campaign

Chapter III

Reading 1/80 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'
Line 2
The speaker was Desmond Mannering.
Line 3
He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.
Line 4
Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.
Line 5
Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Along preposition US /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading “Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.”

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.”

Before preposition US /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading “He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.”

Descended noun US /ˈdescended/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'”

Even noun US /even/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.”

Great noun US /great/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.”

Has auxiliary verb US /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'”

Here noun US /here/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.”

All words in this reading · 89

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

allowed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

arm-chair

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

boys

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

childhood

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

dabbed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

den

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

descendednounUS /ˈdescended/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

Desmond

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The speaker was Desmond Mannering.

dilapidated

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

edge

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

evennounUS /even/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

eye

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

father's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

female

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

figures

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

footing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

friends

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

girl's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

governess

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

greatnounUS /great/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

groups

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

HerenounUS /here/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

history

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

kept

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

made

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

Mannering

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The speaker was Desmond Mannering.

mantelpiece

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

met

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

mittens

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

much

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

novels

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

numbers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

occasional

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

only

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

Pamela

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

Pamela's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

performer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

photography

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

piles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

poetry

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

precarious

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

Ranged

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

read

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

results

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

room

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

say

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

school

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

Scotland

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

showed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

single

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

sitting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

snapshots

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

socks

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

speaker

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The speaker was Desmond Mannering.

taken

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The speaker was Desmond Mannering.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

triumphant

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

twins

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The speaker was Desmond Mannering.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

why

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 'I say, Pamela, who _is_ this female, and why has she descended on us?'

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Ranged along the mantelpiece were numbers of snapshots--groups and single figures--taken by her, with results that showed her no great performer.

wrote

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here Pamela dabbed in photography, made triumphant piles of the socks and mittens she kept from her father's eye, read history, novels, and poetry, and wrote to her school friends and the boys she had met in Scotland.

years

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He was sitting on the edge of a much dilapidated arm-chair in the room which had been the twins' "den" from their childhood, in which Pamela's governess even, before the girl's school years, was allowed only on occasional and precarious footing.