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Ellis's Primary Physiology
Ellis's Primary Physiology

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Ellis's Primary Physiology is here in full — 44 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Ellis's Primary Physiology
Context Illustration Reading 1/8 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
CLEANLINESS.—BATHING.
One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.
Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.
The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.
The outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Ellis's Primary Physiology

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Ellis's Primary Physiology is here in full — 44 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/8 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
CLEANLINESS.—BATHING.
Line 2
One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.
/wʌn ʌv ðə fɜːrst θɪŋz tuː rɪˈmɛm.bər ɪz ðə niːd ʌv ˈkiːpɪŋ jɔːr ˈbɑːdiz kliːn/
Line 3
Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.
/ʌv kɔːrs juː wɑːʃ jɔːr hændz ənd feɪs æz suːn æz juː raɪz ɪn ðə ˈmɔːrnɪŋ ənd ɪf ˈnesəseri θruː ðə deɪ bʌt ðæt ɪz nɑːt ɪˈnʌf/
Line 4
The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.
/ðə skɪn ɪz kəmˈpoʊzd ʌv tuː ˈleɪərz ðə ˈaʊtər ɔːr skɑːrf skɪn ənd ðə ˈɪnər ɔːr truː skɪn/
Line 5
The outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales.
/ðə ˈaʊtər ɪz kənˈtɪnjuːəli ˈwerɪŋ aʊt ənd fɔːlz frʌm ðə ˈbɑːdi ɪn faɪn skeɪlz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bathing noun US /ˈbeɪðɪŋ/

immersing the body in water or sunshine

From this reading “CLEANLINESS.—BATHING.”

cleanliness noun US /ˈklenlinɪs/

the habit of keeping free of superficial imperfections

From this reading “CLEANLINESS.—BATHING.”

continually adverb US /kənˈtɪnjuːəli/

seemingly without interruption

From this reading “The outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales.”

inner adjective US /ˈɪnər/

located inward

From this reading “The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.”

layers noun US /ˈleɪərz/

plural of “layer” — single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance

From this reading “The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.”

scales noun US /skeɪlz/

plural of “scale” — an ordered reference standard

From this reading “The outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales.”

scarf noun US /skɑːrf/

a garment worn around the head or neck or shoulders for warmth or decoration

From this reading “The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.”

wash verb US /wɑːʃ/

clean with some chemical process

From this reading “Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Of course preposition + noun

as might be expected

In this reading “Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.”

in the morning preposition + article + noun counted as “in … morning”

In this reading “Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.”

All words in this reading · 51

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

BATHINGnounUS /ˈbeɪðɪŋ/

immersing the body in water or sunshine

From this reading CLEANLINESS.—BATHING.

bodiesnounUS /ˈbɑːdiz/

plural of “body” — the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading The outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

cleanadjectiveUS /kliːn/

free from dirt or impurities; or having clean habits

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

CLEANLINESSnounUS /ˈklenlinɪs/

the habit of keeping free of superficial imperfections

From this reading CLEANLINESS.—BATHING.

composedadjectiveUS /kəmˈpoʊzd/

serenely self-possessed and free from agitation especially in times of stress

From this reading The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.

continuallyadverbUS /kənˈtɪnjuːəli/

seemingly without interruption

From this reading The outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

fallsnounUS /fɔːlz/

the petals or sepals of a flower that bend downward (especially the outer perianth of an iris)

From this reading The outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales.

fineadjectiveUS /faɪn/

being satisfactory or in satisfactory condition

From this reading The outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales.

handsnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

inneradjectiveUS /ˈɪnər/

located inward

From this reading The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

keepingnounUS /ˈkiːpɪŋ/

conformity or harmony

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

layersnounUS /ˈleɪərz/

plural of “layer” — single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance

From this reading The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

neednounUS /niːd/

a condition requiring relief

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading The outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales.

outeradjectiveUS /ˈaʊtər/

being on the outside or further from a center

From this reading The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.

rememberverbUS /rɪˈmɛm.bər/

To recall to mind.

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

riseverbUS /raɪz/

move upward

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

scalesnounUS /skeɪlz/

plural of “scale” — an ordered reference standard

From this reading The outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales.

scarfnounUS /skɑːrf/

a garment worn around the head or neck or shoulders for warmth or decoration

From this reading The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.

skinnounUS /skɪn/

a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch

From this reading The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The skin is composed of two layers, the outer or scarf skin and the inner or true skin.

washverbUS /wɑːʃ/

clean with some chemical process

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

wearingnounUS /ˈwerɪŋ/

(geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it)

From this reading The outer is continually wearing out and falls from the body in fine scales.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Of course you wash your hands and face as soon as you rise in the morning, and if necessary through the day, but that is not enough.

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading One of the first things to remember is the need of keeping your bodies clean.

Chapter 3 of Ellis's Primary Physiology by Edward Sylvester Ellis holds 44 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Ellis's Primary Physiology contain?

Chapter 3 holds 44 sentences of Ellis's Primary Physiology, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Ellis's Primary Physiology by Edward Sylvester Ellis exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 44 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Ellis's Primary Physiology?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Ellis's Primary Physiology

Common questions about reading Ellis's Primary Physiology by Edward Sylvester Ellis on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Ellis's Primary Physiology?

Yes. All 981 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #52775 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Ellis's Primary Physiology is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #52775, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Ellis's Primary Physiology take to read?

About 81 minutes of reading across 197 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Ellis's Primary Physiology section by section

How to work through Ellis's Primary Physiology section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 21 chapters of Ellis's Primary Physiology to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Ellis's Primary Physiology

Words and structures a reader meets early in Ellis's Primary Physiology, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Https
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ellis's Primary Physiology; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Health
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ellis's Primary Physiology; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Girls
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ellis's Primary Physiology; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Taintor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ellis's Primary Physiology; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.