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Ellis's Primary Physiology
Ellis's Primary Physiology

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of Ellis's Primary Physiology is here in full — 28 sentences across 6 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Ellis's Primary Physiology
Context Illustration Reading 1/5 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, ETC.
The muscles which move the bones are themselves moved by the nerves.
The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.
They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.
The brain is the mass of nervous tissue within the skull.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Ellis's Primary Physiology

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of Ellis's Primary Physiology is here in full — 28 sentences across 6 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/5 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, ETC.
Line 2
The muscles which move the bones are themselves moved by the nerves.
/ðə ˈmʌsəlz wɪtʃ muːv ðə boʊnz ɑːr ðemˈselvz muːvd baɪ ðə nɜːrvz/
Line 3
The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.
Line 4
They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.
Line 5
The brain is the mass of nervous tissue within the skull.
/ðə breɪn ɪz ðə mæs ʌv ˈnɜːrvəs ˈtɪsjuː wɪˈðɪn ðə skʌl/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

cord noun US /kɔːrd/

a line made of twisted fibers or threads

From this reading “THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, ETC.”

harden verb US /ˈhɑːrdən/

become hard or harder

From this reading “The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.”

muscles noun US /ˈmʌsəlz/

plural of “muscle” — one of the contractile organs of the body

From this reading “The muscles which move the bones are themselves moved by the nerves.”

nerves noun US /nɜːrvz/

an uneasy psychological state

From this reading “THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, ETC.”

skull noun US /skʌl/

the bony skeleton of the head of vertebrates

From this reading “The brain is the mass of nervous tissue within the skull.”

spinal noun US /ˈspaɪnəl/

anesthesia of the lower half of the body; caused by injury to the spinal cord or by injecting an anesthetic beneath the arachnoid membrane that surrounds the spinal cord

From this reading “THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, ETC.”

substance noun US /ˈsʌbstəns/

the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists

From this reading “They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.”

tissue noun US /ˈtɪsjuː/

part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function

From this reading “The brain is the mass of nervous tissue within the skull.”

All words in this reading · 42

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.

advanceverbUS /ədˈvæns/

move forward, also in the metaphorical sense

From this reading The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The muscles which move the bones are themselves moved by the nerves.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.

bonesnounUS /boʊnz/

(used in the plural) a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance

From this reading The muscles which move the bones are themselves moved by the nerves.

BRAINnounUS /breɪn/

that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord

From this reading THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, ETC.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The muscles which move the bones are themselves moved by the nerves.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.

composedadjectiveUS /kəmˈpoʊzd/

serenely self-possessed and free from agitation especially in times of stress

From this reading They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.

CORDnounUS /kɔːrd/

a line made of twisted fibers or threads

From this reading THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, ETC.

ETC

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, ETC.

graynounUS /ɡreɪ/

a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black

From this reading They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.

hardenverbUS /ˈhɑːrdən/

become hard or harder

From this reading The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The brain is the mass of nervous tissue within the skull.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.

massnounUS /mæs/

the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field

From this reading The brain is the mass of nervous tissue within the skull.

moveverbUS /muːv/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading The muscles which move the bones are themselves moved by the nerves.

movedadjectiveUS /muːvd/

being excited or provoked to the expression of an emotion

From this reading The muscles which move the bones are themselves moved by the nerves.

musclesnounUS /ˈmʌsəlz/

plural of “muscle” — one of the contractile organs of the body

From this reading The muscles which move the bones are themselves moved by the nerves.

nerve-cell

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.

nerve-fibre

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.

NERVESnounUS /nɜːrvz/

an uneasy psychological state

From this reading THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, ETC.

nervousadjectiveUS /ˈnɜːrvəs/

easily agitated

From this reading The brain is the mass of nervous tissue within the skull.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.

pulpyadjective

like a pulp or overripe; not having stiffness

From this reading The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.

skullnounUS /skʌl/

the bony skeleton of the head of vertebrates

From this reading The brain is the mass of nervous tissue within the skull.

softadjectiveUS /sɑːft/

yielding readily to pressure or weight

From this reading The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.

SPINALnounUS /ˈspaɪnəl/

anesthesia of the lower half of the body; caused by injury to the spinal cord or by injecting an anesthetic beneath the arachnoid membrane that surrounds the spinal cord

From this reading THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, ETC.

substancenounUS /ˈsʌbstəns/

the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists

From this reading They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, ETC.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading The muscles which move the bones are themselves moved by the nerves.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.

tissuenounUS /ˈtɪsjuː/

part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function

From this reading The brain is the mass of nervous tissue within the skull.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The muscles which move the bones are themselves moved by the nerves.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading They are composed of a gray substance, called the nerve-cell, and a white substance, known as the nerve-fibre.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading The brain is the mass of nervous tissue within the skull.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.

youthnounUS /juːθ/

a young person (especially a young man or boy)

From this reading The nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but harden as you advance in years.

Chapter 16 of Ellis's Primary Physiology by Edward Sylvester Ellis holds 28 sentences, grouped into 6 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 16 of Ellis's Primary Physiology contain?

Chapter 16 holds 28 sentences of Ellis's Primary Physiology, unabridged, divided into 6 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 16 of Ellis's Primary Physiology by Edward Sylvester Ellis exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 28 sentences, grouped into 6 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 16 of Ellis's Primary Physiology?

Work through the 6 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 6 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 16 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 16 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Ellis's Primary Physiology

Common questions about reading Ellis's Primary Physiology by Edward Sylvester Ellis on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Ellis's Primary Physiology?

Yes. All 981 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #52775 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Ellis's Primary Physiology is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #52775, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Ellis's Primary Physiology take to read?

About 81 minutes of reading across 197 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Ellis's Primary Physiology section by section

How to work through Ellis's Primary Physiology section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 21 chapters of Ellis's Primary Physiology to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Ellis's Primary Physiology

Words and structures a reader meets early in Ellis's Primary Physiology, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Https
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ellis's Primary Physiology; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Health
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ellis's Primary Physiology; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Girls
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ellis's Primary Physiology; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Taintor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ellis's Primary Physiology; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.